Neurological Involvement and Hepatocellular Injury Caused by a Snake With Hematotoxin Envenomation

Abstract

Venomous snakes with hematotoxin-Russell's viper (Daboia spp), Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma), and green pit viper (Cryptelytrops albolabris and C macrops, previously named Trimeresurus spp) are commonly found in Thailand. Coagulation factor activation, thrombocytopenia, hyperfibrinolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation are the main mechanisms of hemorrhaging from these snake bites. The neurological involvement and hepatocellular injury after Russell's viper bites were reported in Sri Lanka, but there is no report from Southeast Asia. This case was a 12-year-old hill tribe boy who had ptosis and exotropia of the left eye, respiratory distress, and prolonged venous clotting time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time; low fibrinogen and platelet count; and transaminitis after being bitten by a darkish-colored snake. He did not respond to antivenom for cobra, Malayan pit viper, or Russell's viper. However, his neurological abnormalities, respiratory failure, and hepatocellular injury improved, and coagulopathy was finally corrected after receiving antivenom for green pit viper. The unidentified snake with hematotoxin was alleged for all manifestations in this patient.