Neurological complications in Fabry disease

Abstract

In Fabry disease, deficiency of α-galactosidase A results in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in body fluids and tissues including corneas, blood vessels, kidneys and also structures of the central and peripheral nervous system. Many patients show cardiovascular and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Cerebrovascular dysfunction is particularly associated with a high risk of strokes and of mortality even at a young age. The prevalence and severity of cerebrovascular complications increase with patients'age. Clinical data as well as histologic and neurophysiologic studies showed predominantly small fiber dysfunction in patients with Fabry disease. We recently performed quantitative sensory testing in patients with Fabry disease and found reduced cold and heat-pain detection thresholds, while nerve conduction velocities were only mildly reduced. From our findings, we concluded that small fiber dysfunction is more prominent than large fiber dysfunction in Fabry patients. Clinically, small fiber dysfunction contributes to recurrent episodes of burning and lancinating pain and paresthesias in the distal extremities. Such episodes can be typically triggered by changes of the environmental temperature, particularly by warming. Moreover, dysfunction of small thinly-myelinated and unmyelianated nerve fibers accounts for altered sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation. Sympathetic dysfunction explains the hypohidrosis and a subsequent poor exercise and heat tolerance. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human α-galactosidase A is available. We could demonstrate improvement of small fiber neuropathy and neuropathic pain after 18-23 months of ERT, which probably resulted from glycosphingolipid clearing from perineurial cells, axons and Schwann cells or from blood vessels supplying the nerves.