Neuroimaging for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: a Review.

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects people above the age of 60 all around the world. As of now, the cause is unknown and there is no effective cure. The pathological changes of AD have occurred many years before the onset of the disease, and current treatment techniques can only delay the progression of the disease. Because disease-modifying therapies may be most beneficial in the early stages of AD, the clinical significance of an early diagnosis is emphasized. So far, a variety of imaging technologies and related biomarkers have been used to identify and monitor AD, but there are many imaging technologies; finding the most effective imaging technology can assist medical personnel in interpreting the early stages of AD and can also improve patient treatment opportunities. This is, therefore, the main purpose and back-ground of this study. PubMed and other repositories were used in this study to conduct a literature search with various keywords, and relevant articles were reviewed. In this review, different neuroimaging techniques are reviewed which are considered advanced tools to help establish the diagnosis, and in addition, the diagnostic utility, advantages, and limitations of contemporary AD imaging techniques are discussed. The results of the literature review and synthesis show that the prevalence of several in vivo biomarkers helps distinguish affected individuals from healthy controls in the early stages of the disease. Additionally, each current imaging method has its advantages and disadvantages, so no single imaging method is the best diagnostic modality. This article also reviews and draws conclusions on better ways to use the imaging techniques to improve the likelihood of an early diagnosis of AD. It is suggested that future research could focus on expanding the use of imaging technologies and on identifying novel biomarkers manifesting the earliest stages of AD pathology.