Year-end Sale % OFF 
Abstract
IntroductionNeuroinflammation and synaptic degeneration are major neuropathological hallmarks in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neurogranin and YKL-40 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are newly discovered markers indicating synaptic damage and microglial activation, respectively.MethodsCSF samples from 95 individuals including 39 patients with AD dementia (AD-D), 13 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (MCI-AD), 29 with MCI not due to AD (MCI-o) and 14 patients with non-AD dementias (non-AD-D) were analyzed for neurogranin and YKL-40.ResultsPatients with dementia or MCI due to AD showed elevated levels of CSF neurogranin (p < 0.001 for AD-D and p < 0.05 for MCI-AD) and YKL-40 (p < 0.05 for AD-D and p = 0.15 for MCI-AD) compared to mildly cognitively impaired subjects not diagnosed with AD. CSF levels of neurogranin and YKL-40 did not differ between MCI not due to AD and non-AD dementias. In AD subjects no correlation between YKL-40 and neurogranin was found. The CSF neurogranin levels correlated moderately with tau and p-tau but not with Aβ42 or the MMSE in AD samples. No relevant associations between YKL-40 and MMSE or the core AD biomarkers, Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau were found in AD subjects.ConclusionsNeurogranin and YKL-40 are promising AD biomarkers, independent of and complementary to the established core AD biomarkers, reflecting additional pathological changes in the course of AD.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0161-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Neuroinflammation and synaptic degeneration are major neuropathological hallmarks in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Patient characteristics In total, 95 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the Universitätsklinikum Erlangen were included in the study and categorized according to the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) criteria
As AD biomarkers are applied mostly in the differential diagnosis of cognitive disturbances, mild cognitive impairment (MCI)-o was chosen as the reference group
Summary
Neuroinflammation and synaptic degeneration are major neuropathological hallmarks in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers reflecting amyloid pathology (Aβ42) and neurodegeneration [total tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau)] occur early in the course of AD and are increasingly implicated in the early and Hellwig et al Alzheimer's Research & Therapy (2015)7:4 and hippocampus in the rodent brain [13]. Expression is highest in associative cortical areas [14], suggesting a link with cognition. It is concentrated in dendritic spines of principal excitatory synapses, and its translocation to dendritic spines is impaired in AD [15,16,17]. Neurogranin levels are reduced in the hippocampus and cortex in AD, indicating a loss of dendrites [2]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
