Abstract
The human brain is composed of billions of cells, including neurons and glia, with an undetermined number of subtypes. During the embryonic and early postnatal stages, the vast majority of these cells are generated from neural progenitors and stem cells located in all regions of the neural tube. A smaller number of neurons will continue to be generated throughout our lives, in localized neurogenic zones, mainly confined at least in rodents to the subependymal zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. During neurogenesis, a combination of extrinsic cues interacting with temporal and regional intrinsic programs are thought to be critical for increasing neuronal diversity, but their underlying mechanisms need further elucidation. In this review, we discuss the recent findings in Drosophila and mammals on the types of cell division and cell interactions used by neural progenitors and stem cells to sustain neurogenesis, and how they are influenced by glia.
Highlights
The human brain is composed of billions of cells, including neurons and glia, with an undetermined number of subtypes
There has been a great deal of controversy regarding the existence of adult neurogenesis in the human brain (Boldrini et al, 2018; Kempermann et al, 2018; Sorrells et al, 2018; Moreno-Jimenez et al, 2019), with confusion arising in part from technical problems and perhaps from interspecies differences in the dynamics of the process
We summarize the role of niche glia in the early and late phases of neurogenesis and discuss their diversity
Summary
Cell division in neural progenitors and stem cells in the central nervous system has been elucidated using a combination of techniques. A Type III neuroblast has recently been described in the larval optic lobe (Mora et al, 2018) These distal inner proliferation center (d-IPC)-derived neuroblasts show the particularity that, like the SEZ NSCs (Obernier et al, 2018), they undergo symmetric self-renewal to produce two identical progenies that retain neuroblast markers and produce T4 and T5 lobula plate neurons. The identification of these Type III neuroblasts has generated some controversy, and their existence has not been corroborated in other studies (Apitz and Salecker, 2018; Pinto-Teixeira et al, 2018). Future research will be necessary to confirm the presence of this Type III novel neuroblast division mode
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