Abstract
Abstract The central nervous system (CNS) and immune systems regulate each other; the immune system is regulated by the CNS through hormonal signals and neuronal pathways and conversely the CNS is regulated by the immune system through cellular pathways and molecular signals including cytokines, chemokines, and interleukins (ILs). The CNS regulates the immune system through several routes: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system. This neuroendocrine regulation of immune function through resultant glucocorticoid release is essential for survival from stress, infection, or inflammatory diseases. Glucocorticoids function through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to elicit multiple effects on immune cells and molecules. This chapter will mainly focus on the regulation of the immune response by the neuroendocrine system and the implications for inflammatory disease. Interruptions of this regulatory loop at multiple levels predispose and enhance inflammatory diseases and cause glucocorticoid resistance in a number of diseases.
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