Abstract
Taijin-Kyofu-sho is an East Asian culture-bound anxiety disorder with similarities to social anxiety disorder. However, few studies have examined these two disorders from the perspective of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study is aimed at examining the association of Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder with the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) trait. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety, Taijin-Kyofu-sho, and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report scales and the 16-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient were administered to 818 university students. Participants were divided into four groups: control (neither Taijin-Kyofu-sho nor social anxiety disorder), pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho (Taijin-Kyofu-sho alone), pure social anxiety disorder (social anxiety disorder alone), and mixed Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder (both Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder). We used logistic regression analysis to examine whether the ADHD trait and ASD trait were associated with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder. ASD trait was significantly associated with pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho (p = 0.006, odds ratio: 3.99). Female sex and ADHD trait were significantly associated with pure social anxiety disorder (sex: p = 0.013, odds ratio: 2.61; ADHD trait: p = 0.012, odds ratio: 2.46). Female sex, ADHD trait, and ASD trait were significantly associated with mixed Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder (sex: p = 0.043, odds ratio: 2.16; ADHD trait: p = 0.003, odds ratio: 2.75; ASD trait: p < 0.001, odds ratio: 16.93). Neurodevelopmental disorder traits differed between individuals with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and those with social anxiety disorder. Overall, our study reveals that Japanese individuals with the ADHD or ASD traits are at a heightened risk of developing Taijin-Kyofu-sho or social anxiety disorder.
Highlights
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) result from impairments in brain growth and development that lead to emotional and behavioral problems that begin in early childhood and persist into adulthood
We found that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) trait were both significantly associated with Taijin-Kyofu-sho scale (TKs) and Social anxiety disorder (SAD) (Table 2)
We identified ADHD trait and ASD trait as factors associated with TK
Summary
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) result from impairments in brain growth and development that lead to emotional and behavioral problems that begin in early childhood and persist into adulthood. Among NDDs, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Often cause significant problems for college students. Students with ADHD or ASD are at risk of poor academic achievement and social isolation and are less likely to pursue a college education [2,3,4]. In young adults, ADHD or ASD is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorder, mood disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder [5,6,7], which worsens their social adaptation [8]. Having a mental health comorbidity is a negative predictor of quality of life for adults with ASD [9], and complications of psychiatric disorders are associated with poor academic performance in children with
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