Abstract
Regeneration refers to regrowth of tissue in the central nervous system. It includes generation of new neurons, glia, myelin, and synapses, as well as the regaining of essential functions: sensory, motor, emotional and cognitive abilities. Unfortunately, regeneration within the nervous system is very slow compared to other body systems. This relative slowness is attributed to increased vulnerability to irreversible cellular insults and the loss of function due to the very long lifespan of neurons, the stretch of cells and cytoplasm over several dozens of inches throughout the body, insufficiency of the tissue-level waste removal system, and minimal neural cell proliferation/self-renewal capacity. In this context, the current review summarized the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders; their causes and consequences and proposed novel therapeutic approaches.
Highlights
Regeneration processes within the nervous system are referred to as neuroregeneration
Compelling evidence indicates that the mTOR signaling pathway is involved in disease progress, aging, and regeneration. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase, which in conjugation with other proteins makes two complexes: mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2
In Huntington’s disease (HD), the mTOR pathway is hijacked by abnormally accumulated Huntington protein, which increases the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity [101], and results in massive damage possibly through inhibition of autophagy [102]
Summary
Regeneration processes within the nervous system are referred to as neuroregeneration It includes, but is not limited to, the generation of new neurons, axons, glia, and synapses. Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is attributed to cell death, axonal regeneration failure, demyelination, and overall neuronal structural and functional deficits. All these conditions—partially or wholly, solitary or combined, genetic or acquired, known or unknown in origin—are manifested in specific neurological disorders, collectively termed as neurodegenerative disorders. These disorders jeopardize the normal functioning of the brain and lead to the progressive decline or even the complete loss of sensory, motor, and cognitive function. A greater understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the progressive degeneration of neurons and their connections and the ultimate loss of cognitive and motor skills, could lead to more effective therapeutic techniques in the near future
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