Abstract
The discovery of the D3 receptor (D3R) subtypes of dopamine (DA) has generated an understandable increase in interest in the field of neurological diseases, especially Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, although DA replacement therapy with l-DOPA has provided an effective treatment for patients with PD, it is responsible for invalidating abnormal involuntary movements, known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, which constitutes a serious limitation of the use of this therapy. Of particular interest is the finding that chronic l-DOPA treatment can trigger the expression of D1R–D3R heteromeric interactions in the dorsal striatum. The D3R is expressed in various tissues of the central nervous system, including the striatum. Compelling research has focused on striatal D3Rs in the context of PD and motor side effects, including dyskinesia, occurring with DA replacement therapy. Therefore, this review will briefly describe the basal ganglia (BG) and the DA transmission within these brain regions, before going into more detail with regard to the role of D3Rs in PD and their participation in the current treatments. Numerous studies have also highlighted specific interactions between D1Rs and D3Rs that could promote dyskinesia. Finally, this review will also address the possibility that D3Rs located outside of the BG may mediate some of the effects of DA replacement therapy.
Highlights
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutralDopamine (DA) D3 receptor (D3R) subtypes were discovered in 1990 by Jean-CharlesSchwartz, Pierre Sokoloff, and colleagues [1]
The motor symptoms are attributed to the profound changes in the function of the basal ganglia (BG), a group of subcortical regions involved in the control of motor behavior, as a consequence of the degeneration of DA neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) innervating with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
D3R mRNA is located in the striatal medium spiny neurons that project to the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GP) [59]; D3R upregulation may appear in this neuronal group at the terminal (GPi) as well as at the somatodendritic levels [2]
Summary
Dopamine (DA) D3 receptor (D3R) subtypes were discovered in 1990 by Jean-Charles. Schwartz, Pierre Sokoloff, and colleagues [1]. D3Rs attracted interest in the field of Parkinson’s disease (PD) to determine the extent to which these receptors mediated the benefits and side effects of DA replacement therapy encompassing the metabolic. DA precursor L-DOPA or DAR agonists [2] Nowadays, they are considered as a potential target in drug addiction, depression, restless leg syndrome, and schizophrenia [3,4]. Parkinson’s disease is associated with other alterations in groups of neurons, including noradrenergic, serotonergic, and mesencephalic cholinergic neurons, at various degrees. The damage to these different systems is likely to participate in the clinical outcomes of de novo patients and to the benefits and side effects of the current treatments for the disease [11–22].
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