Neurobehavioral, neuromotor, and neurocognitive effects in agricultural workers and their children exposed to pyrethroids pesticides: A review

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In recent years, pyrethroids have emerged as a less toxic alternative to eliminate insect pests. However, some studies with animals and others with children show that these pesticides are toxic and lead to neurobehavioral effects similar to other pesticides such as organophosphates. The purpose of this review is to systematize and analyze the epidemiological scientific evidence about the neurobehavioral, neuromotor, and neurocognitive effects in agricultural workers and their children exposed to pyrethroids pesticides. METHODS: We conducted two searches (with different terms) in PubMed and Scopus databases including articles in Spanish and English language on the effects of occupational exposure to pyrethroid pesticides associated with the neurobehavioral, neuromotor, and neurocognitive functioning of agricultural workers and their children. There were no filters by year, and the search included studies till march 2021. To develop the search, we followed the recommendations contained in the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO strategy. RESULTS:The results show that in 66.6% of the studies reviewed (8 of 12 studies), agricultural workers or their children occupationally exposed to pyrethroid pesticides have a higher risk of presenting difficulties in their neurocognitive, neuromotor, or neurobehavioral performance, mainly associated with attention, processing speed (linked to hand-eye coordination) and motor coordination. CONCLUSIONS:There are still few studies about this issue. However, the quality of most of the research conducted (83% intermediate or high quality) confirms the risk for agricultural workers' neurobehavioral health due to occupational exposure to pyrethroids. More research is required evaluating the exposure to pyrethroids including biomarkers and validated neurobehavioral and neuromotor tests, in addition to evaluating the effect of simultaneous exposure to other hazardous pesticides. Assuming that pyrethroids' use is increasing considerably and faster than the scientific evidence, it is suggested as a precautionary principle to regulate more strictly the sale of pyrethroids and other pesticides. KEYWORDS: Pesticides, Occupational exposures, Neurobehavioral effects