Abstract
In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s automobile industry, the number of vehicles in China has been increasing steadily. Vehicles represent a convenient mode of travel, but the growth rate of the number of urban motor vehicles far exceeds the construction rate of parking facilities. The continuous improvement of parking allocation methods has always been key for ensuring sustainable city management. Thus, developing an efficient and dynamic parking distribution algorithm will be an important breakthrough to alleviate the urban parking shortage problem. However, the existing parking distribution models do not adequately consider the influence of real-time changes in parking demand and supply on parking space assignment. Therefore, this study proposed a method for dynamic parking allocation using parking demand predictions and a predictive control method. A neural-network-based dynamic parking distribution model was developed considering seven influencing factors: driving duration, walking distance, parking fee, traffic congestion, possibility of finding a parking space in the target parking lot and adjacent parking lot, and parking satisfaction degree. Considering whether the parking spaces in the targeted parking lots are shared or not, two allocation modes—sharing mode and non-sharing mode—were proposed and embedded into the model. At the experimental stage, a simulation case and a real-time case were performed to evaluate the developed models. The experimental results show that the dynamic parking distribution model based on neural networks can not only allocate parking spaces in real time but also improve the utilisation rate of different types of parking spaces. The performance score of the dynamic parking distribution model for a time interval of 2–20 min was maintained above 80%. In addition, the distribution performance of the sharing mode was better than that of the non-sharing mode and contributed to a better overall effectiveness. This model can effectively improve the utilisation rate of resources and the uniformity of distribution and can reduce the failure rate of parking; thus, it significantly contributes to more smart and sustainable urban parking management.
Highlights
Given the economic development and technical progress, the number of private cars owned by residents has been increasing and the proportion of cars in motorized transportation has risen year by year
Parking-related problems have been increasing as finding parking spaces has become challenging because of the lack of available parking spaces in the city, especially within the core areas of the city [1]
Davis [2] showed that 30% of traffic congestion in road networks is caused when people are cruising to find a parking spot
Summary
Given the economic development and technical progress, the number of private cars owned by residents has been increasing and the proportion of cars in motorized transportation has risen year by year. Parking-related problems have been increasing as finding parking spaces has become challenging because of the lack of available parking spaces in the city, especially within the core areas of the city [1]. Drivers spend more time in searching for available parking facilities, which causes traffic congestion, additional fuel consumption, and pollution. Davis [2] showed that 30% of traffic congestion in road networks is caused when people are cruising to find a parking spot. Yedlin found [3] cruising for curb parking created about 8% of the total vehicle miles travelled in west midtown. Shao [4] highlighted that finding a parking spot and walking to work often constitutes an appreciable fraction of the total travel time. 30% of vehicles in the urban areas of major cities worldwide take an average of 7.8 min to find vacant parking spaces [5]
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