Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba's (GB) extract against chemotherapeutic-induced reproductive toxicity using a data mining tool, namely Neural Network Clustering (NNC) on two types of data: biochemical & fertility indicators and Texture Analysis (TA) parameters. GB extract (1 g/kg/day) was given orally to male albino rats for 26 days. This period began 21 days before a single cisplatin (CIS) intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg body weight). GB given orally significantly restored reproductive function. Tested extract also notably reduced the CIS-induced reproductive toxicity, as evidenced by restoring normal morphology of testes. In GB, the attenuation of CIS-induced damage was associated with less apoptotic cell death both in the testicular tissue and in the sperms. CIS-induced alterations of testicular lipid peroxidation were markedly improved by the examined plant extract. NNC has been used for classifying animal groups based on the quantified biochemical & fertility indicators and microscopic image texture parameters extracted by TA. NNC showed the separation of two clusters and the distribution of groups among them in a way that signifies the dose-dependent protective effect of GB. The present study introduces the neural network as a powerful tool to assess both biochemical and histopathological data. We also show here that herbal protection against CIS-induced reproductive toxicity utilizing classic methodologies is validated using neural network analysis.
Highlights
Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) or cisplatin (CIS) is a highly effective anti-neoplastic DNA alkylating agent used to treat many types of solid tumors including testicular, ovarian, breast, lung, bladder, and head and neck
CIS treatment induced moderate to severe testicular atrophy with degeneration of germ cells in seminiferous tubules (Figure 2)
Animals pretreated with Ginkgo biloba (GB) showed normal testicular morphology with irregular arrangement of germ cells and slight degeneration of seminiferous epithelium and shedding of germ cells in some tubules
Summary
Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) or cisplatin (CIS) is a highly effective anti-neoplastic DNA alkylating agent used to treat many types of solid tumors including testicular, ovarian, breast, lung, bladder, and head and neck. Adverse side-effects, including testicular toxicity, limit its application [1,2]. Both short-term and long-term effects of CIS treatment on testicular function have been previously documented in human [2] and in other animal models [3,4]. Within days of CIS injection, animals develop severe testicular damage characterized by germ cell apoptosis, Leydig cell dysfunction and testicular steroidogenic disorder [4,5,6,7]. Germ cell apoptosis has been reported to play an important role in CIS-induced testicular damage [4,5,6,7]. CIS-induced DNA adduct formation in rat’s spermatozoa was observed after treatment with CIS at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight [8]
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