Abstract
It has been reported that physical activity not only increases energy expenditure, but also affects appetite. However, little remains known about the effects of physical activity-induced fatigue sensation on appetite. In the present study, classical conditioning related to fatigue sensation was used to dissociate fatigue sensation from physical activity. The participants were 20 healthy male volunteers. After overnight fasting, on day 1, the participants performed hand-grip task trials for 10 min with listening to a sound. The next day, they viewed food images with (target task) and without (control task) listening to the sound identical to that used on day 1, and their neural activity during the tasks were recorded using magnetoencephalography. The subjective levels of appetite and fatigue sensation were assessed using a visual analog scale. The subjective level of fatigue increased and that of appetite for fatty foods showed a tendency toward increase in the target task while the subjective level of fatigue and that of appetite for fatty foods were not altered in the control task. In the target task, the decrease of theta (4–8 Hz) band power in the supplementary motor area (SMA), which was observed in the control task, was suppressed, and the suppression was positively correlated with appetite for fatty foods, suggesting hand grip activity-induced fatigue sensation may increase the appetite for fatty food; this increase could be related to neural activity in the SMA. These findings are expected to contribute to the understanding of the neural mechanisms of appetite in relation to fatigue.
Highlights
The prevalence of obesity in modern society is increasing[1]
It has been reported that cycling exercise for 60 min at 65% maximal heart rate induces increases in plasma levels of peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and suppresses hunger in healthy normal-weight individuals[14], and that cycling exercise for 60 min at 50% of maximum oxygen uptake level increases PYY and GLP-1 plasma levels in obese young male volunteers[15]
A suppression of the alteration of theta band power in Brodmann’s area (BA) 6 was observed when the participants viewed food images in the presence of fatigue sensation on day 2; this suppression was positively correlated with the level of appetite for fatty foods
Summary
The prevalence of obesity in modern society is increasing[1]. Overweight and obesity are related to increased risk for type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and other health problems[2,3,4,5,6]. It has been reported that exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 70% of maximum oxygen uptake level suppressed hunger during and after the activity[10], that exercise on a treadmill at 46% of maximum oxygen uptake level for 2 h reduced hunger and increased fullness[11], and that swimming for 60 min suppressed appetite during the exercise[12] Considering these findings, it has been proposed that exercise may be beneficial for those who desire to reduce body weight by enhancing the satiating effect of a meal[13]. Www.nature.com/scientificreports be factors other than the alteration of appetite-regulating hormone levels that affect appetite during and/or after physical activity, such as alterations in body temperature[16] and gastric motility[17]. The aims of the present study were to clarify the effect of fatigue sensation induced by physical activity on appetite and to examine the neural mechanisms related to the alteration in appetite caused by fatigue sensation
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