Abstract
The sub-lexical conversion of graphemes-to-phonemes (GPC) during reading has been investigated extensively with behavioral measures, as well as event-related potentials (ERPs). Most research utilizes silent reading (e.g., lexical decision task) for which phonological activation is not a necessity. However, recent research employed reading aloud to capture sub-lexical GPC. The masked priming paradigm avoids strategic processing and is therefore well suitable for capturing sub-lexical processing instead of lexical effects. By employing ERPs, the on-line time course of sub-lexical GPC can be observed before the overt response. ERPs have revealed that besides phonological activation, as revealed by behavioral studies, there is also early orthographic activation. This review describes studies in one’s native language, in one’s second language, and in a cross-language situation. We discuss the implications the ERP results have on different (computational) models. First, the ERP results show that computational models should assume an early locus of the GPC. Second, cross-language studies reveal that the phonological representations from both languages of a bilingual become activated automatically and the phonology belonging to the context is selected rapidly. Therefore, it is important to extend the scope of computational models of reading (aloud) to multiple lexicons.
Highlights
Reading aloud is executed without much conscious thought, though it requires complex underlying processing for correct execution
The goals of this review are: (1) to give insight into the time course of sub-lexical activation of orthography and phonology during reading aloud, (2) identify the locus of GPC, and (3) to propose how event-related potentials (ERPs) results can inform computational models. This topic has mostly been investigated with the lexical decision task (LDT) combined with the masked priming paradigm (e.g., Carreiras et al, 2005; Grainger and Holcomb, 2009)
According to the dual-route cascaded (DRC) model, in the lexical route, the phonology of a written word is retrieved as a whole from the mental lexicon
Summary
Reading aloud is executed without much conscious thought, though it requires complex underlying processing for correct execution. The goals of this review are: (1) to give insight into the time course of sub-lexical activation of orthography and phonology during reading aloud, (2) identify the locus of GPC, and (3) to propose how ERP results can inform computational models. This topic has mostly been investigated with the lexical decision task (LDT) combined with the masked priming paradigm (e.g., Carreiras et al, 2005; Grainger and Holcomb, 2009). Additional evidence comes from position dependency of the masked onset priming effect (MOPE) for onset-related but not offset-related primetarget pairs (Forster and Davis, 1991; Kinoshita, 2000; Schiller, 2004)
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