Abstract
BackgroundWe investigated working memory (WM) processing in a longitudinal sample of young adults with persistent and remittent childhood-onset ADHD to investigate the neural correlates of working memory with adult outcomes of ADHD.MethodsForty-seven young Chinese adults who had been diagnosed with ADHD during childhood underwent follow-up assessments for an average of 9 years. The ADHD sample consisted of 25 ADHD persisters (mean age =18.38 ± 0.5 years) and 22 remitters (mean age = 18.78 ± 1.10 years), who were compared with 25 sex ratio- and IQ-matched healthy adults (mean age = 19.60 ± 1.22 years) in a verbal n-back task.ResultsNo differences in behavioral measures were observed across the three groups. Compared with the healthy controls, the ADHD persisters and remitters had larger N1 amplitudes and smaller P2 amplitudes, while no significant differences between the persistence and remission groups were observed. The P3 amplitudes of the remission and control groups were higher than that of the persistence group, but there was no significant difference between the remitters and healthy controls.ConclusionThe P3 amplitudes reflecting postdecisional processing and/or WM updating were sensitive to ADHD remission, as they might improve concurrently with ADHD symptoms. These results indicate that the N1, P2, and P3 components of WM processing might be potential biomarkers for different ADHD outcomes.
Highlights
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which occurs in children and adolescents, is known to have a long-term impact throughout the lifespan of an individual [1]
The mean age of the healthy controls was higher than that of the ADHD persistence and remission groups, and there was no significant difference in age between the ADHD persistence and remission groups
An additional LSD analysis showed that the N1 amplitude was lower in healthy controls than in the persistence (P = 0.025) and remission groups (P = 0.041), there was no significant difference between the persistence and remission groups (P = 0.717)
Summary
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which occurs in children and adolescents, is known to have a long-term impact throughout the lifespan of an individual [1]. Some young adults experience the remission of clinical symptoms and no longer meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, the persistence rate of ADHD is still high. To determine the different outcomes of ADHD and analyze the correlations with clinical symptoms, event-related potential (ERP) indicators may be used as biomarkers to predict outcomes and better understand the mechanism of recovery. The identification of the characteristics that can be used to distinguish individuals with different outcomes may inform the development of novel treatment strategies that improve the outcomes in ADHD patients. We investigated working memory (WM) processing in a longitudinal sample of young adults with persistent and remittent childhood-onset ADHD to investigate the neural correlates of working memory with adult outcomes of ADHD
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