Abstract
This study aimed to understand the biological process related to the prevention of cardiovascular & metabolic diseases (CMD), including diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia via regular exercise. This study included 17,053 subjects aged 40–69 years in the Health Examinees Study from 2004 to 2012. Participation in regular exercise was investigated by questionnaires. Data on 42 biomarkers were collected from anthropometric measures and laboratory tests. We examined the associations between regular exercise and biomarkers using general linear models, between biomarkers and the risk of CMD using cox proportional hazard models, and the mediation effect of biomarkers using mediation analyses. Biomarker networks were constructed based on the significant differential correlations (p < 0.05) between the exercise and non-exercise groups in men and women, respectively. We observed significant mediators in 14 and 16 of the biomarkers in men and women, respectively. Triglyceride level was a noteworthy mediator in decreasing the risk of CMD with exercise, explaining 23.79% in men and 58.20% in women. The biomarker network showed comprehensive relationships and associations among exercise, biomarkers, and CMD. Body composition-related biomarkers were likely to play major roles in men, while obesity-related biomarkers seemed to be key factors in women.
Highlights
Abbreviations alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Alkaline phosphatase ALT Alanine aminotransferase AST Aspartate aminotransferase BMI Body mass index BUN Blood urea nitrogen cardiovascular & metabolic diseases (CMD) Cardiovascular & metabolic diseases CI Confidence intervals CRP C-reactive protein diastolic blood pressure (DBP) Diastolic blood pressure γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Hemoglobin A1c HEXA Health Examinees
This study examined the health benefit effects of regular exercise for preventing CMD by assessing the associations between exercise and biomarkers, the associations between biomarkers and CMD, and the mediation effects of biomarkers on the relationship between exercise and CMD
Muscle mass was linked with protein mass, mineral mass, cell mass and lean body mass. All these biomarkers were significant mediators between exercise and the risk of CMD in men. These results suggest that muscle mass possibly plays a key role among body composition markers in terms of preventing CMD when individuals participate in regular exercise
Summary
Abbreviations ALP Alkaline phosphatase ALT Alanine aminotransferase AST Aspartate aminotransferase BMI Body mass index BUN Blood urea nitrogen CMD Cardiovascular & metabolic diseases CI Confidence intervals CRP C-reactive protein DBP Diastolic blood pressure γ-GTP γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c HEXA Health Examinees. The mechanisms by which physical activity benefits health remain u nclear[4] To better understand these biological processes, comprehensive approaches are needed to evaluate biological factors and observe their changes. Age is the most well-known risk factor for various diseases; many studies have established biomarkers according to the criteria from American Federation of Aging Research to better understand the disease process with aging[6,7,8,9] These biomarkers include molecular/DNA biomarkers such as telomere length and blood-based clinical biomarkers and anthropometric m easurements[7,8,9] that are widely used to screen or to diagnose health conditions. A network approach can help conduct integrative analysis and infer in the context of biological processes the relationship between the variables by nodes and edges[13,14]
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