Abstract
Fast rhythms are present in neural discharges of many motor systems. In the decerebrate cat, high-frequency oscillations (HFO, range 50–100 Hz) are ubiquitous in the discharges of Imotoneurons (phrenic, recurrent laryngeal, external intercostal) and of medullary Ineurons. The amplitude and frequency of HFO are greater when respiratory drive is increased. Coherence spectral analysis shows that the various discharges (population and unit) are significantly correlated at the HFO frequency. This indicates that the common rhythm arises in the brainstem and is transmitted to cranial motoneurons via propriobulbar projections and to spinal motoneurons via bulbospinal projections.
Highlights
To be effective, inspiratory muscles on the left and right sides must contract together
We have found that a prominent gap in the column of ventral respiratory group (VRG) The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) relays information from primary related parvalbumin cells [2] likely corresponds to the pBc since visceral receptors to the central nervous system and is critically parvalbumin cells are rare in this zone and never co-localize with involved in the reflex control of autonomic functions
The specific protein(s) necessary for longterm facilitation (LTF) is unknown, we recently found that episodic hypoxia and LTF are associated with elevations in ventral spinal concentrations of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Summary
Inspiratory muscles on the left and right sides must contract together. The left and right halves of the diaphragm are synchronised because a bilateral population of medullary premotor neurones [1] simultaneously excites left and right phrenic motoneurones. Transection studies demonstrate that each side of the brainstem is capable of generating respiratory rhythm independently [2], so that left and right medullary inspiratory neurones must themselves be synchronised. The interconnections and common excitation that accomplish such synchronisation are unknown in rats. The respiratory rhythm of hypoglossal (XII) nerve discharge in transverse medullary slice preparations from neonatal rats is thought to originate in the region of the ventral respiratory group (VRG); generated there by a combination of “pacemaker” neurones [1] and their interactions with other respiratory neurones. Our goal was to discover interconnections between left and right VRG neurones as well as their connections to XII motoneurones
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