Network chain density and relaxation of in situ synthesized polyacrylamide/hectorite clay nanocomposite hydrogels with ultrahigh tensibility

Abstract

Nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gel) D-AM and S-AM were synthesized through in situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) with hectorite clays of Laponite RD and RDS, respectively. The tensile performance of the NC gel was observed at different crosshead speeds and all of the NC gels exhibited an extremely high tensibility, e.g., the elongation at break even higher than 4000%, except for two samples with the lowest Laponite content of 1 w/v%. Strong tensile hysteresis was observed in the elongation–reversion curve, indicating a slow relaxation in the NC gels. Dynamic moduli G′ and G″ within linear viscoelasticity illustrated that the network structure was formed in these gels with the junction of Laponite platelets. The Laponite RD showed stronger gelation capability than the tetrasodium pyrophosphate modified Laponite RDS. The relaxation modulus G(t) for the NC gels was found to be similar to the slow rubber relaxation with the critical exponent n of about 0.16, much lower than 0.66–0.71 for the critical gel at the sol–gel transition. In comparison, the chemically cross-linked hydrogel showed almost no relaxation during the same time interval. The effective network chain density of the NC gel was determined from equilibrium shear modulus, which was evidently lower than that of the chemically cross-linked hydrogels. The present results reveal that the high deformability of these NC gels comes from their low effective network chain density with moderate relaxation.