Nesfatin-1 Ameliorates Testicular Function Changes in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

The relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and periodontal disease may exhibit by the alteration of bone metabolism. However, evidence for this relationship is scarce and inconclusive. Thus, the aims of the present study were to investigate salivary receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene expression and the RANKL:OPG ratio in T1DM and non-T1DM. Secondary objective was to determine the relationships of RANK, RANKL and OPG gene expression to clinical parameters of T1DM and periodontal disease. Twenty patients with T1DM and twenty age-matched non-T1DM were recruited. Clinical periodontal parameters were measured. Total RNA was isolated from non-stimulated saliva, and the relative gene expressions of RANK, RANKL, OPG and RANKL:OPG ratio were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The T1DM group had significantly higher mean periodontal parameters than the non-T1DM group, while the mean plaque scores of both groups were not significantly different. There was a trend of higher relative gene expression of RANK, RANKL, and the RANKL:OPG ratio and lower expression of OPG in T1DM group but no statistic significant different when compared to non-T1DM. In the T1DM group, RANKL:OPG correlated with the percentage of bleeding sites, whereas RANK, RANKL, and HbA1c levels correlated with pocket depth. Bone metabolisms demonstrating by decreased OPG gene expression and upregulated of RANK, RANKL, RANKL:OPG with higher pocket depth and bleeding in T1DM may play an important role in periodontal destruction in T1DM.

Subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is prevalent in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). As obesity has been proposed as one causal factor in the disease process, this could bias the reported prevalences. We wanted to characterize echocardiographic LV dysfunction in obese T2DM subjects as compared to non-diabetic obese controls. One hundred patients with T2DM without clinical signs of heart failure (29% females, mean ± SD age 58.4 ± 10.5 years, body mass index (BMI) 30.1 ± 5.5 kg/m(2), blood pressure (BP) 141 ± 18/83 ± 9 mmHg) and 100 non-diabetic controls (29% females) matched for age (58.6 ± 10.5 years), BMI (29.8 ± 4.0 kg/m(2) and systolic BP (140 ± 14 mmHg) underwent echocardiography and color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Diastolic function was evaluated with conventional Doppler recordings and early (e') and late (a') myocardial velocities. The ratio between early transmitral filling (E) and the corresponding myocardial tissue velocity (e') served as an index of LV filling pressure. T2DM patients had more concentric hypertrophy with a relative wall thickness of 0.42 ± 0.07 vs controls 0.38 ± 0.07, P < 0.001. The T2DM group had signs of diastolic dysfunction with lower E/A ratio (0.91 ± 0.27 vs. 1.12 ± 0.38, P < 0.001), deceleration time (195 ± 49 vs 242 ± 72 ms, P < 0.001), e' (5.7 ± 2.0 vs. 6.6 ± 1.8 cm/s, P = 0.001), and a' (6.5 ± 2.0 vs. 7.6 ± 1.5 cm/s, P < 0.001) compared to the controls, and higher E/e' (13.3 ± 4.7 vs. 11.1 ± 3.5, P < 0.001). Thus, there were indications of pseudo normalization and increased filling pressure in the T2DM group, whereas the controls had evidence for relaxation abnormalities without elevated filling pressure. Compared to a non-diabetic obese group, more advanced subclinical impairment of diastolic function was seen in T2DM.

Hypomagnesaemia has been reported in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and an association of low serum magnesium (Mg) with insulin resistance has been observed. In this cross-sectional study, 65 new T2DM patients and 65 healthy controls were investigated to assess the Mg status and see the association between Mg level and insulin resistance. Oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c, serum Mg, and fasting insulin were measured and the level of insulin resistance was calculated by using the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Serum Mg level was similar in T2DM and control groups; a higher frequency of hypomagnesemia was observed in the T2DM than control group (26.2% vs. 12.3%) though it was not statistically significant (p= 0.074). Level of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was higher in the T2DM group and a higher frequency of subjects had insulin resistance in this group compared to controls. No significant differences in age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR were observed between normomagnesaemic and hypomagnesaemic T2DM subjects. In the T2DM group, age, BMI, WC, WHR, FPG, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR correlated with serum Mg level though in the control group Mg had significant inverse correlations with BMI and fasting insulin. New T2DM subjects and healthy controls had similar Mg status although the frequency of hypomagnesemia was higher (not significant) in the T2DM group and serum Mg level had no correlation with glycemic status, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in T2DM patients.

Glymphatic system in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but not in the prodrome, prediabetes (Pre-DM) was investigated using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS). Association between glymphatic system and insulin resistance of prominent characteristic in T2DM and Pre-DM between is yet elucidated. Therefore, this study delves into the interstitial fluid dynamics using the DTI-ALPS in both Pre-DM and T2DM and association with insulin resistance. In our cross-sectional study, we assessed 70 elderly individuals from the Bunkyo Health Study, which included 22 with Pre-DM, 18 with T2DM, and 33 healthy controls with normal glucose metabolism (NGM). We utilized the general linear model (GLM) to evaluate the ALPS index based on DTI-ALPS across these groups, considering variables like sex, age, intracranial volume, years of education, anamnesis of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and the total Fazekas scale. Furthermore, we have explored the relationship between the ALPS index and insulin resistance, as measured by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) using GLM and the same set of covariates. In the T2DM group, the ALPS index demonstrated a reduction compared with the NGM group [family-wise error (FWE)-corrected p < 0.001; Cohen's d = -1.32]. Similarly, the Pre-DM group had a lower ALPS index than the NGM group (FWE-corrected p < 0.001; Cohen's d = -1.04). However, there was no significant disparity between the T2DM and Pre-DM groups (FWE-corrected p = 1.00; Cohen's d = -0.63). A negative correlation was observed between the ALPS index and HOMA-IR in the combined T2DM and Pre-DM groups (partial correlation coefficient r = -0.35, p < 0.005). The ALPS index significantly decreased in both the pre-DM and T2DM groups and showed a correlated with insulin resistance. This indicated that changes in interstitial fluid dynamics are associated with insulin resistance.

This study utilized artificial intelligence (AI) to quantify coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) images, aiming to compare plaque characteristics and CT-derived fractional flow reserve (FFR-CT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with or without hypertension (HTN). A retrospective analysis was conducted on 1,151 patients with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent CCTA at a single center. Patients were grouped into T2DM (n = 133), HTN (n = 442), T2DM (HTN+) (n = 256), and control (n = 320). AI assessed various CCTA parameters, including plaque components, high-risk plaques (HRPs), FFR-CT, severity of coronary stenosis using Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System 2.0 (CAD-RADS 2.0), segment involvement score (SIS), and segment stenosis score (SSS). Statistical analysis compared these parameters among groups. The T2DM (HTN+) group had the highest plaque volume and length, SIS, SSS, and CAD-RADS 2.0 classification. In the T2DM group, 54.0% of the plaque volume was noncalcified and 46.0% was calcified, while in the HTN group, these values were 24.0 and 76.0%, respectively. The T2DM (HTN+) group had more calcified plaques (35.7% noncalcified, 64.3% calcified) than the T2DM group. The average necrotic core volume was 4.25 mm3 in the T2DM group and 5.23 mm3 in the T2DM (HTN+) group, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). HRPs were more prevalent in both T2DM and T2DM (HTN+) compared to HTN and control groups (p < 0.05). The T2DM (HTN+) group had a higher likelihood (26.1%) of FFR-CT ≤0.75 compared to the T2DM group (13.8%). FFR-CT ≤0.75 correlated with CAD-RADS 2.0 (OR = 7.986, 95% CI = 5.466-11.667, cutoff = 3, p < 0.001) and noncalcified plaque volume (OR = 1.006, 95% CI = 1.003-1.009, cutoff = 29.65 mm3, p < 0.001). HRPs were associated with HbA1c levels (OR = 1.631, 95% CI = 1.387-1.918). AI analysis of CCTA identifies patterns in quantitative plaque characteristics and FFR-CT values. Comorbid HTN exacerbates partially calcified plaques, leading to more severe coronary artery stenosis in patients with T2DM. T2DM is associated with partially noncalcified plaques, whereas HTN is linked to partially calcified plaques.

Objective To investigate the correlation of intestinal flora diversity, inflammatory factors and insulin resistance in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Totally 80 elderly patients with T2DM were selected as the T2DM group, and 80 healthy subjects were enrolled as the control group. The Bacteroides, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae were detected, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated in the two groups. The interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-22, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were measured and compared between them. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship of different intestinal flora with HOMA-IR and inflammatory factors in elderly T2DM patients. Results Compared to the control group, the amount of Bacteroides [(10.0 ± 0.5) logN/g vs. (8.1 ± 0.9) logN/g] and Enterobacteriaceae [(9.86 ± 0.27) logN/g vs. (7.05 ± 0.19) logN/g] was significantly higher (t = 3.162, 3.016; both P < 0.05), and the amount of Prevotella [(7.22 ± 0.27) logN/g vs. (9.35 ± 0.39) logN/g], Lactobacillus [(5.12 ± 0.25) logN/g vs. (7.67 ± 0.43) logN/g] and Bifidobacterium [(7.2 ± 0.4) logN/g vs. (11.0 ± 0.5) logN/g] was significantly lower in the T2DM group (t = 5.230, 4.163, 7.115; all P < 0.05). The levels of HOMA-IR [(6.4 ± 0.8) vs. (3.1 ± 0.4)], IL-6 [(154 ± 15) ng/L vs. (81 ± 10) ng/L], IL-22 [(628 ± 36) ng/L vs. (106 ± 11) ng/L], TNF-α [(208 ± 23) ng/L vs. (118 ± 11) ng/L] and IFN-γ [(136 ± 15) ng/L vs. (76 ± 13) ng/L] were significantly higher (t = 7.156, 3.167, 5.026, 3.557, 2.134; all P < 0.05), and the IL-10 level [(127.7 ± 18.7) ng/L vs. (376.8 ± 1.8) ng/L] was significantly lower in the T2DM group than in the control group (t = 2.272, P < 0.05). The correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between Prevotella, Enterobacteriaceae and HOMA-IR (r = 0.613, 0.437; both P < 0.05), and negative correlations between Bacteroides, Lacto-bacillus, Bifidobacterium and HOMA-IR (r = -0.617, -0.526, -0.575, -0.616; all P < 0.05). The Bacteroides, Prevotella, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were negatively correlated to IL-6 (r = -0.617, -0.526, -0.575, -0.616; all P < 0.05), IL-22 (r = -0.636, -0.587, -0.621, -0.573; all P < 0.05), TNF-α (r = -0.593, -0.633, -0.476, -0.539; all P < 0.05) and IFN-γ (r = -0.475, -0.538, -0.602, -0.573; all P < 0.05), and positively correlated to IL-10 (r = 0.535, 0.623, 0.459, 0.506; all P < 0.05). Enterobacteriaceae was positively correlated to IL-6, IL-22, TNF-α and IFN-γ (r = 0.437, 0.599, 0.576, 0.518; all P < 0.05), and negatively correlated to IL-10 (r = -0.518, P < 0.05). Conclusion The association between intestinal flora and insulin resistance in elderly T2DM patients suggests that its mechanism may be related to the level of inflammatory factors. Key words: Aged; Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Intestinal flora; Inflammatory factors; Insulin resistance

Background. Comorbidity profiles are a common subject of research in patients with asthma-COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) overlap (ACO), but in case of concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is a lack of targeted research on the quality of life, clinical course, and lung function. The aim of the study was to clarify the clinical features of asthma-COPD overlap in combination with T2DM. Materials and methods. Sixty-nine patients were examined: 24 with ACO and T2DM (group 1), 21 with asthma and T2DM (group 2), and 24 with COPD and T2DM (group 3). A diagnosis of ACO was made according to GINA and GOLD 2017 guidelines. Quality of life was assessed using the CAT, ACQ, and SGRQ, and the severity of dyspnea was assessed using the mMRC scale, disease severity and prognosis using the BODE index. Spirometry with bronchodilation test, 6-minute walk test, and bioimpedance analysis were performed. Results. Patients in the main group had a higher total SGRQ score than those in group 3 (by 33 %, p = 0.001). Higher ACQ and total SGRQ scores indicate a trend toward worse asthma control and lower quality of life in patients with ACO and T2DM compared to the asthma + T2DM group (p = 0.056 and p = 0.054, respectively). Body mass index was higher than in patients with COPD and T2DM (by 16.3 %, p = 0.001). Higher serum glucose levels were found in patients with ACO and T2DM than in those with COPD and T2DM (by 18.3 %, p = 0.028). The FEV1 in the ACO and T2DM group was lower than in the asthma + T2DM group (by 18.7 %, p = 0.027), and the SVC was lower by 33 % (p = 0.021). There was a tendency to a lower result in the 6-minute walk test in the main group compared to patients from group 3 (p = 0.0548), and a higher frequency of exacerbations per year compared to groups 2 (p = 0.08) and 3 (p = 0.06). Conclusions. Patients with asthma-COPD overlap and concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus have worse quality of life, lower FEV1 and SVC, submaximal exercise tolerance, higher fasting glucose levels, and a tendency towards increased exacerbation frequency.

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is an important feature of lipid metabolism abnormality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Apolipoprotein A5 (apoA5) is positively correlated with triglycerides (TG) and insulin resistance (IR). However, its relationship with TG in humans is still controversial till now. Further, its exact mechanism in TG reducing also remains unclear. Meanwhile, adiponectin (APN) can also inhibit TG in humans. Whether there is any association between apoA5 and APN in TG inhibition remains to be explored. This study was taken to investigate the relationships among apoA5, TG, APN and IR in patients with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and T2DM, the levels of apoA5, TG and APN in the plasma were detected in the current study. Thirty five patients with newly-diagnosed T2DM (T2DM group), 30 patients with IGR (IGR group), and 35 sex- and age-matched normal controls (NGT group) were studied. All the subjects underwent an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Fasting apoA5 and APN were detected by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fasting free fatty acid was measured using colorimetry. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was made. The plasmic apoA5 and APN levels in the T2DM and IGR groups were lower than that in the NGT group. Furthermore, the levels of apoA5 and APN in the T2DM group were lower than those in IGR group (P < 0.05). ApoA5 was negatively correlated with TG, FFA, 2hFFA, LDL-C, FPG, 2hPG, FINS, HOMA-IR, BMI, and WHR, but positively correlated with APN and HDL-C. The multiple linear regression analysis showed TG, APN, FFA, WHR and HOMA-IR were independent factors of apoA5. Down-regulated apoA5 and APN has a synergistic effect in the process from NGT to IGR and then to T2DM. They can increase FFA expression through participating in the occurrence and development of HTG and IR.

Background and purposeGrowth factor receptor-bound protein 2(GRB2), a bridging protein. An animal study showed that downregulation of GRB2 inhibited the activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-kB pathway which improved lipid accumulation and inflammatory infiltration in rats with atherosclerosis (AS), resulting in an anti-AS effect. This was the first study to investigate blood GRB2 levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients with carotid atherosclerosis (CAS), exploring its relationship with various metabolic indicators, and further, examining whether GRB2 has an AS effect in patients with T2DM.MethodsA total of 203 participants were recruited in the study, including 69 T2DM patients without CAS (T2DM group), 67 T2DM patients with CAS (CAS group), and 67 in the age-sex-matched healthy subjects (Control group). Serum GRB2 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 203 subjects who had received carotid ultrasonography. In addition, cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c), fasting insulin (FINS), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) were also tested. The correlation between serum GRB2 levels and other indexes was analyzed. Finally, we analyzed the risk factors affecting carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in T2DM patients.ResultsSerum GRB2 levels were increased in the T2DM group than in the control group, and further elevated in the CAS group (median 3.05 vs 4.40 vs 7.09 ng/ml, P<0.001). Spearman correlation analysis showed that GRB2 concentrations were negatively correlated with HDL-C, and positively associated with duration of diabetes, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), TC, HBA1c, FPG, FINS, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), Hs-CRP, IL-6 and CIMT (P<0.01). Furthermore, serum GRB2 levels (P<0.001) remained independently related to CIMT after adjusting for the age, sex, duration of diabetes, and Body Mass Index (BMI) variables. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that IL-6, HDL-C, HBA1c, and CIMT are independent correlation factors of serum GRB2 (P<0.01). Univariate logistic regression suggested that disease duration, WHR, systolic blood pressure (SBP), TG, HDL-C, HBA1c, FPG, HOMA-IR, IL-6, Hs-CRP, and GRB2 independently associated with T2DM is combined with CAS(P<0.05). And multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that duration of diabetes, IL-6, and serum GRB2 levels were independent risk factors for T2DM combined with CAS (P<0.05), and serum GRB2 levels were a highly sensitive indicator of early AS (OR=1.405, 95% CI: 1.192-1.658 P<0.001). Moreover, the ROC curve AUC area of serum GRB2 expression levels was 0.80 (95%CI: 0.7291-0.8613, P < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 83.58% and specificity of 70.59%. The risk of CAS was substantially higher in patients with T2DM whose serum GRB2 concentration was >4.59 ng/ml.ConclusionsSerum GRB2 concentrations were significantly increased in T2DM combined with CAS, and serum GRB2 levels were linearly correlated with CIMT, suggesting that GRB2 may be involved in the occurrence and development of T2DM with CAS, which can be used as a predictor of whether T2DM is combined with CAS.

Obesity, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are metabolic diseases that continue to be a global problem. Testosterone levels in men are affected by several factors, including obesity and DM. Although the relationship between diabetes and testosterone is not fully understood, oxidative stress is thought to play a major role. The aim of this study was to compare serum testosterone levels and oxidative stress markers [total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant capacity (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and ischaemic modified albumin (IMA)] among the control group and experimentally induced obese, T1DM, and T2DM rats. The study included 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 4 groups: the obesity group were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), the T2DM group received a HFD plus a single dose of streptozocin (STZ), the T1DM group received only STZ, and there was a control group. Serum testosterone, TAS, TOS, OSI, and IMA were analysed. Serum testosterone levels were lower in the T1DM and T2DM groups compared to the control and obesity groups. The TOS levels were highest in the T2DM group, followed by the T1DM group, the obesity group, and finally the control group. No significant difference was found between the obesity group and the control group in terms of TOS levels. Regarding TAS levels, the order observed was control group > obesity group > T2DM > T1DM. Testosterone was positively correlated with TAS and negatively correlated with TOS and OSI. Increased oxidative stress in diabetes may be an important factor that decreases serum testosterone levels.

Background: There have been recent reports that the fat distribution within skeletal muscle and the amount of muscle mass are associated with insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study evaluated the impacts of visceral fat and thigh muscle from patients with T2DM and healthy subjects on atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Methods: Forty-two patients with newly-developed T2DM and 11 healthy subjects were selected for the study. The diabetic patients were subdivided into two groups, those under 40 years of age, as the young T2DM (n=21) group, and 40 years-old or greater, as the old T2DM (n=21) group. CT scans were obtained for all patients at the L4-L5 level and at the mid-portion between the greater trochanter and upper margin patella. The carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was also measured using high resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Results: The mean visceral fat area (VFA) in the old T2DM group was 169.4 ± 13.2 cm 2 , which was significantly greater than that found in the healthy subjects (67.9 ± 7.92 cm 2 , P < 0.001) and young T2DM group (127.1 ± 10.4 cm 2 , P < 0.05). The mean visceral fat to normal density muscle area ratio (VMNR) in the old T2DM group was 1.50 ± 0.19, which was greater than in the healthy subjects (0.46 ± 0.52, P <0 .001) and young T2DM group (1.01 ± 0.10, P < 0.05). The total thigh muscle areas in the young and old T2DM groups were smaller than that in the healthy subjects, but without statistical significance. VMNR showed a positive correlation with the IMT and HOMA-IR. However, the total thigh muscle area was negatively correlated with the IMT. The normal density muscle area also showed significant negative correlations with the IMT and HOMA-IR. In a multiple regression analysis, age and VMNR were the most important independent risk factors of an increased carotid IMT. Conclusion: This study showed that the role of thigh muscle, as well as that of visceral fat, played a very important role in the occurrence of atherosclerosis. VMNR was found to be an especially important independent factor for an increased carotid IMT (J Kor Soc Endocrinol 20:452～459, 2005).

Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is disease caused by the destruction of β pancreatic cells. The activation of T-lymphocyte and proliferation inhibitor are induced by protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22). However, the link between PTPN22 C1858T gene polymorphism and T1DM is still controversy. This study aimed to analyse the C1858T gene polymorphism in Indonesian children with T1DM. Materials and methods This case-control study was conducted from March 2021 to May 2022 in the Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic at Dr. Soetomo Hospital and Tropical Disease Center Universitas Airlangga. Patients with controlled T1DM during the study period were included. The PTPN22 analysis used polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results Sixty-two children voluntarily participated in this study, and were equally divided into the T1DM and control groups. Most of the patients (94%, 58/62) are Javanese. This study revealed a more frequent CC genotype (9.4%) and allele-C (54.6%) polymorphism in the T1DM group, while more frequent CT genotype (100%) and allele-T (50%) polymorphism were in the control group. The C- and T-allele frequency was 54.6% and 45.4% in the T1DM group, respectively. The T1DM and control groups did not significantly differ (p= .2381). Conclusions PTPN22 homozygous genotype-CC and allele-C polymorphisms are more frequent in patients with T1DM. However, the PTPN22 C1858T gene polymorphism did not significantly correlate to T1DM children in this study. Key Messages: The PTPN22 C1858T gene polymorphism does not significantly affect the susceptibility of T1DM in Indonesian children. PTPN22 homozygous genotype-CC polymorphism was more observed in the T1DM group; thus, this genotype may play as a risk factor for T1DM children in the Indonesian population.

Objective To study the levels of senlm uric acid(UA)in normal glucose(NC),impaired glucose regulation(IGR)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and investigate its relationship with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.Method The levels of blood glucose,lipids,fasting insulin(HNS)and serum UA were measured in patients of 45 T2DM(T2DM group),20 IGR(IGR group)and 29 NC(NC group).Status of insulin resistance and insulin secretion function was evaluated by HOMA-IR and ISI.Results The levels of triglyceride(TG)and UA in T2DM group and IGR group were significantly higher than those in NC group[(3.34±8.77),(1.85±0.67),(1.26±0.38)mmoi/L and(316.71±96.20),(403.62±76.80),(325.45±94.43)mmol/L](P<0.01).HDL-C levels in T2DM group were significantly lower than those in IGR and NC group[(1.05±0.30),(1.07±0.21),(1.12±0.20)mmol/L](P<0.01).NO significant difference of FINS levels was found in the three groups.HOMA-IR level in T2DM and IGR group was higher than that in NC group(3.84,3.77,2.34)(P<0.01).ISI in T2DM and IGR group was lower than that in NC group(-4.52±0.79,-4.44±0.19,-4.03±0.58)(P<0.01).Correlation analysis indicated that the level of UA was positively related with BMI.TG and negatively related with HDL-C.Conclusion Increased UA in IGR indicates that hyperurieacidemia developes before DM. Key words: Uric acid; Diabetes mellitus; Impaired glucose regulation

Objective To explore the changes of serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR) and its clinical significances. Methods 148 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) were divided into diabetic group(T2DM group, n=54), non-proliferative DR group(NDR group, n=49) and proliferative DR group(PDR group, n=45). In the same period, 45 healthy subjects were selected as the control group.The clinical data were collected.The serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 were detected.The clinical values of serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in predicting the progression of DR were analyzed by using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve(ROC curve). Results The levels of TC in the PDR group, NDR group and T2DM group were higher than that in the control group[(5.4±0.6)mmol/L, (5.6±0.8)mmol/L, (4.6±0.6)mmol/L, F=15.376, P T2DM group>the control group, The level of HDL-C in the PDR group were was lower than those in the NDR group, T2DM group and the control group, and NDR group<T2DM group<the control group, the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). The serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in the PDR group were higher than those in the NDR group, T2DM group and the control group[(0.92±0.13)ng/mL, (0.64±0.11)ng/mL, (0.47±0.09)ng/mL, (0.31±0.07)ng/mL, F=317.850, P<0.001; (315.74±52.38)pg/mL, (223.49±45.17)pg/mL, (146.35±41.86)pg/mL, (81.07±37.54)pg/mL, F=266.606, P<0.001], which of the NDR group were higher than the T2DM group and the control group, those of T2DM group were higher than the control group, the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 were positively correlated with disease duration, HbA1c and LDL-C(r=0.276, 0.314, 0.384 and 0.304, 0.335, 0.416, all P<0.05), while serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 were negatively correlated with HDL-C(r=-0.314 and-0.287, all P<0.05). The ROC curve showed that the serum levels of TGF-β1 in predicting the progression of DR, the area under the curve was 0.964(95% CI: 0.931~0.998), when the cutoff value of TGF-β1 was 0.78ng/mL, the sensitivity was 91.1%, and the specificity was 91.8%, and for the serum levels of IL-6, the area under the curve was 0.913(95% CI: 0.855~0.972), when the cutoff value of IL-6 was 280.45 pg/mL, the sensitivity was 80.0%, and the specificity was 91.8%. Conclusion The serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in patients with DR are increased, and are correlated with the progression of the disease.They can be used as indicators to assess the progression of patients with disease. Key words: Diabetes; Retinopathy; Transforming growth factor β1; Interleukin-6

Objective To explore the pathophysiological characteristics of myocardial injury model in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection after high-fat and high-sucrose feeding. Methods A total of 60 SD rats aged at 8-12 weeks and weighing 180-220 g were divided into normal (Nor) group (n=20), T2DM group (n=20) and insulin group (Ins, n=20) by random number table method. STZ was administrated to rats after 4 weeks of high fat and high sucrose diet or normal diet and followed by another 4 weeks of feeding with the same diet. Blood glucose and insulin levels were monitored, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Hemodynamic parameters were measured using an isolated cardiac perfusion model. The changes of mitochondrial structure were observed with transmission electron microscope. Mitochondrial respiratory function, activity of key enzymes in respiratory chain and ATP content were measured. One way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 50 SD rats were finally enrolled in Nor group (n=20), T2DM group (n=15) or Ins group (n=15). The HOMA-IR index of T2DM and Ins group were higher than that of Nor group (4.2±0.4, 3.9±0.4, 1.4±0.3, respectively, F=312.3, P<0.01). The +dp/dt max of left ventricle [(3 599±215), (3 123±239), (3 084±200) mmHg/s, F=31.02, P<0.01] and left ventricular development pressure [(102±8), (89±6), (90±7) mmHg, F=14.19, P<0.01, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa] were superior to those in T2DM group and Ins group. The mitochondrial respiration State 3, respiration control ratio and respiratory chain enzyme activity of Nor group were superior to those of Ins group and T2DM group (F=11.12-505.50, P<0.05); Nor group had more ATP production compared to the other two groups (P<0.01). Conclusion The modeling method used in this study provides the pathophysiologic characteristics of diabetes related myocardial, damages such as cardiac ventricular malfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, energy metabolism abnormality, as well as hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which can be used for the studies of cardioprotection of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Myocardium; Mitochondria