Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) shares tyrosine kinase receptors with other neurotropic factors.These receptors belong to the TNF receptor superfamily and are present in lymphoid cells and cells of the nervous system. In general, NGF stimulates immune responses with the exception of IgE production which is inhibited. Nerve growth factor is stimulatory for mast cells and neutrophilic leukocytes and locally exerts a proinflammatory effect. However, systematically applied NGF suppresses inflammation. During inflammatory reactions, lymphocyte-derived NGF protects the nervous system and other tissues from damage. Leptin (LEP) is produced primarily by adipocytes and structurally is related to the GLHcytokine family. LEP signals by a class I cytokine receptor of which two isoforms are known. Leptin regulates energy metabolism, reproductive function and lymphocyte development and function. It stimulates TH-1 mediated immune responses and upregulates phagocytosis and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. During the acute phase response, LEP rises rapidly in response to elevated TNF levels. LEP appears to contribute significantly to survival in sepsis by moderating glucocorticoid and IL-6 production, stimulating IL-1 receptor antagonist and potentiating the immune response. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) exerts an immunostimulatory effect through V 1 type receptors. AVP is produced by lymphocytes. Substance P (SP) is produced in both the nervous system and in the immune system. SP is a major mediator of neurogenic inflammation and is capable of causing mast cell discharge, increased capillary permeability and smooth muscle construction. SP has a stimulatory effect on immune phenomena in general. Its effect on immunoglobulin secretion is variable. SP stimulates bone marrow cytokines and the formation of granuloma tissue. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) stimulates mast cell discharge and inflammatory response whereas it has an inhibitory effect on immune reactions. T lymphocytes synthesize CGRP. Somatostatin (SOM) is an antagonist of SP and inhibits inflammatory and immune reactions. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is produced within the immune system and the receptors are present on monocytes and lymphocytes. In general, VIP functions as an immunosuppressive neuropeptide and is involved in the immunosuppressive properties of aqueous
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