Abstract
Peripheral nerve and sphenopalatine ganglion blocks are a safe, effective treatment option for headache disorders, although, despite a wealth of anecdotal experience, the evidence is conflicting for efficacy in chronic migraine prophylaxis. Neurostimulation has emerged as an effective treatment modality for migraine with both noninvasive and minimally invasive options available. Such options include transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation for prophylaxis and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation for the acute treatment of migraine with aura. Although occipital nerve stimulation may be effective for some patients with intractable chronic migraine, the evidence is mixed and procedure-related complications are common. Emerging treatment modalities for acute and preventive treatment of migraine include noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation and implanted sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 106 references.
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