Neratinib inhibits Hippo/YAP signaling, reduces mutant K-RAS expression, and kills pancreatic and blood cancer cells.

Abstract

Prior studies demonstrated that the irreversible ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor neratinib caused plasma membrane-associated mutant K-RAS to localize in intracellular vesicles, concomitant with its degradation. Herein, we discovered that neratinib interacted with the chemically distinct irreversible ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor afatinib to reduce expression of ERBB1, ERBB2, K-RAS and N-RAS; this was associated with greater-than-additive cell killing of pancreatic tumor cells. Knock down of Beclin1, ATG16L1, Rubicon or cathepsin B significantly lowered the ability of neratinib to reduce ERBB1 and K-RAS expression, and to cause tumor cell death. Knock down of ATM-AMPK suppressed vesicle formation and knock down of cathepsin B-AIF significantly reduced neratinib lethality. PKG phosphorylates K-RAS and HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce K-RAS farnesylation both of which remove K-RAS from the plasma membrane, abolishing its activity. Neratinib interacted with the PKG activator sildenafil and the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin to further reduce K-RAS expression, and to further enhance cell killing. Neratinib is also a Ste20 kinase family inhibitor and in carcinoma cells, and hematopoietic cancer cells lacking ERBB1/2/4, it reduced K-RAS expression and the phosphorylation of MST1/3/4/Ezrin by ~ 30%. Neratinib increased LATS1 phosphorylation as well as that of YAP and TAZ also by ~ 30%, caused the majority of YAP to translocate into the cytosol and reduced YAP/TAZ protein levels. Neratinib lethality was enhanced by knock down of YAP. Neratinib, in a Rubicon-dependent fashion, reduced PAK1 phosphorylation and that of its substrate Merlin. Our data demonstrate that neratinib coordinately suppresses both mutant K-RAS and YAP function to kill pancreatic tumor cells.