Abstract
Objective: The global prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) was 9.1% (697.5 million cases). Chronic kidney disease can occur, one of which is caused by drug nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity remains major problem for its effective long-term clinical use. Gentamicin is known to cause many morphologic, metabolic and functional alterations in the kidney and the specificity of gentamicin nephrotoxicity is related to its accumulation in the renal proximal convoluted tubules leading to tubular necrosis. Nephrotoxicity can be prevented by nephroprotective by giving antioxidants. Kirinyuh leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) has potential as a nephroprotective because it contains chemical compounds that have antioxidant activity.
 Methods: Wistar rats as many as 25 animals were divided into five groups, namely the normal control negative control (gentamicin 60 mg/kg BW rat), and kirinyuh leaf extract at a dose of 225, 450 and 675 mg/kg BW treatment was carried out for 10 d. Serum creatinine and urea levels were evaluated along with histopathological investigation in various experimental groups of rats. Data analysis using the One Way Anova test and continued LSD test.
 Results: Serum creatinine was a significant difference between groups P = 0.000 (P<0.05). The results of LSD analysis on creatinine levels showed a significant difference between the normal group and the negative group (P = 0.00); negative group to dose group 1 (P = 0.020) (P<0.05); dose 2 (P = 0.005) (P<0.05); and dose 3 (P = 0.000) (P<0.05). Dose 3 had the lowest creatinine level compared to other dose groups.
 Conclusion: Serum creatinine level at dose 675 significantly changes compare by a negative group of other dose groups. Renal histopathology results showed that the group with a dose of 450 mg/BW of rats had the lowest necrosis rate compared to the negative control group and other dose groups.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is kidney damage and a decrease in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for a minimum of 3 mo [1]
The results of LSD analysis on creatinine levels showed a significant difference between the normal group and the negative group (P = 0.00); negative group to dose group 1 (P = 0.020) (P
Dose 3 had the lowest creatinine level compared to other dose groups
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is kidney damage and a decrease in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for a minimum of 3 mo [1]. Chronic kidney disease can be caused by drug nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity is a condition characterized by changes in cell morphofunctional such as impaired protein synthesis, increased lipid peroxidation process, decreased urine concentration capacity, tubular proteinuria, lowering of GFR and mitochondrial damage [5]. The mechanism of gentamicin causes nephrotoxicity by directly or indirectly activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by reducing the production of ATP and causing oxidative stress by increased free radical species such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydroxide anion (OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mitochondrial cells in the renal cortex. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is susceptible to oxidative damage by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which continually increase within the mitochondrial matrix to cause cell death or necrosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of kirinyuh leaves as a nephroprotective
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