Abstract
Cigarette smoke is widely regarded as a carcinogenic agent; thus, the incidence of relative neoplasms correlates to cigarette smoking (CS) on a global level. While CS is most commonly associated with carcinomas of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, studies have also associated CS with the pathogenesis of a variety of non-respiratory related neoplasms. The tobacco smoke emitted from cigarettes contains carcinogenic substances that can be harmful to the normal physiology of the human body. This study will elaborate on the incidence and etiology of carcinomas, as well as discuss, in detail, the role of tobacco in the pathogenesis of oral, esophageal, lung, gastric, pancreatic, renal, and bladder carcinomas.
Highlights
BackgroundThe epidemic of cigarette smoking (CS) is one of the largest public health threats and one of the leading causes of preventable deaths, globally
Cigarette smoke is widely regarded as a carcinogenic agent; the incidence of relative neoplasms correlates to cigarette smoking (CS) on a global level
The tobacco smoke emitted from cigarettes contains carcinogenic substances that can be harmful to the normal physiology of the human body
Summary
The epidemic of cigarette smoking (CS) is one of the largest public health threats and one of the leading causes of preventable deaths, globally. The manifestation usually occurs around the age of 60-80 years and most commonly affects males This is mainly due to the fact that smoking is the leading cause of SCLC and makes up about 98% of cases [9]. The long-term effects of tobacco smoking have been associated with an increased TP53 gene mutation, which impairs the DNA repair mechanism, resulting in abnormal proliferation of the cell, which leads to tumor growth [13]. A carcinoma in situ that involves the bladder diffusely, without having a superficial tumor associated with it, is considered an aggressive disease Most patients manifesting this combination will develop muscle-invasive bladder cancers. The prognosis of urethral cancer is poor (five-year survival of ∼ 45%) [49,50]
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