Neoplasia-Associated Wasting Diseases with Economic Relevance in the Sheep Industry

Abstract

Simple SummaryNeoplasia is a common cause of weight loss and emaciation. Despite its relative infrequency in sheep, there are three neoplastic diseases with special relevance. Small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA), ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) and enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) are three neoplastic diseases with economic impact in the sheep industry. They mostly occur at ages under common production cycles, have epidemiological relevance in sheep rearing countries, and two of them (OPA and ENA) have an infectious aetiology. SIA occurs elsewhere in the world but has a special economic impact in Australia and New Zealand. OPA and ENA have relevant economic significance in most continents but have not been recorded in Australia and New Zealand. In this review, we focus on the epidemiology, clinicopathological features, pathogenesis and the diagnostic tools currently available for the diagnosis of these three neoplastic diseases.We review three neoplastic wasting diseases affecting sheep generally recorded under common production cycles and with epidemiological and economic relevance in sheep-rearing countries: small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA), ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) and enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA). SIA is prevalent in Australia and New Zealand but present elsewhere in the world. This neoplasia is a tubular or signet-ring adenocarcinoma mainly located in the middle or distal term of the small intestine. Predisposing factors and aetiology are not known, but genetic factors or environmental carcinogens may be involved. OPA is a contagious lung cancer caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and has been reported in most sheep-rearing countries, resulting in significant economic losses. The disease is clinically characterized by a chronic respiratory process as a consequence of the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis is based on the detection of JSRV in the tumour lesion by immunohistochemistry and PCR. In vivo diagnosis may be difficult, mainly in preclinical cases. ENA is a neoplasia of glands of the nasal mucosa and is associated with enzootic nasal tumour virus 1 (ENTV-1), which is similar to JSRV. ENA enzootically occurs in many countries of the world with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. The pathology associated with this neoplasia corresponds with a space occupying lesion histologically characterized as a low-grade adenocarcinoma. The combination of PCR and immunohistochemistry for diagnosis is advised.