Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia, Types, Causes and Treatments: A Review Study

Sarah Ali Aljazaeri

doi:10.46966/msjar.v2i2.23

Abstract

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia results from a readiness for the bilirubin production in neonates and limited their ability to excrete it. The diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia based on yellow discoloration of the skin and whiteness of eyes, idle in the child's movement and the lack of lactation. The baby seems sick or is difficult to awaken. Bilirubin is a tetrapyrrole pigment derived from breakdown product of normal heme catabolism in senescent red blood cells. Unconjugated bilirubin normal elevation is named newborn physiologic hyperbilirubinemia, whereas the level of bilirubin of infant normally to be a bit higher after birth, In the same context the placenta in the womb of the mother. Pathologic hyperbilirubinemia is defined as odd of bilirubin from the normal level so intervention required. Many reasons for this type of jaundice

Highlights

Received: June 4, 2021; Revised: June 20, 2021; Online: June 30, 2021. It is the common condition of medical importance in newborns, called Neonatal jaundice or Neonatal icterus, in which the yellow pigment bilirubin can accumulate in the extracellular fluids by the way in the skin, over the sclera in the membranes of conjunctival and in other membranes of mucous after birth within the first few days, as well as skin prevails in yellow almost in face and extending down onto the chest, jaundice of neonate in normal circumstances is harmless: this condition is often seen in infants around the second day after birth, and goes on till day 8 in normal births, or to about day 14 in premature births
The level of bilirubin have increased in all newborns at the first week of life with approximately 80%of preterm and 50-60% of term babies developing jaundice(NIHCE,2010; Rennie et al.,2010), when compared to full-term neonates, in the first week of life Preterm neonates are at greater risk of hospital readmission due to hyperbilirubinemia (Elizabete et al.,2011), the bilirubin reaches the highest point within 3–5 days of life and the problem usually resolved by two weeks, In contrast irreversible brain damage and kernicterus can cause by sever neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (Cabra and Whitfield,2005)
Underlying cause is not entirely understood, suggesting that maternal milk contains substances such as β-glucuronidases can repress normal metabolism of bilirubin; enhancing increased glucuronide hydrolysis of bilirubin subsequently increase in the bilirubin enterohepatic circulation(Gartner and Decreases of Hyperbilirubinemia occur when breast milk is replaced with artificial milk formula and even if continues feeding with maternal milk prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia over time may become better over time as well bilirubin encephalopathy, BMJ may be induced in severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia an occasional risk (PP,1994; Maruo et al.,2014)

Summary

Introduction

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemiaIt is the common condition of medical importance in newborns, called Neonatal jaundice or Neonatal icterus, in which the yellow pigment bilirubin can accumulate in the extracellular fluids by the way in the skin, over the sclera in the membranes of conjunctival and in other membranes of mucous after birth within the first few days, as well as skin prevails in yellow almost in face and extending down onto the chest, jaundice of neonate in normal circumstances is harmless: this condition is often seen in infants around the second day after birth, and goes on till day 8 in normal births, or to about day 14 in premature births. The level of bilirubin have increased in all newborns at the first week of life with approximately 80%of preterm and 50-60% of term babies developing jaundice(NIHCE,2010; Rennie et al.,2010), when compared to full-term neonates, in the first week of life Preterm neonates are at greater risk of hospital readmission due to hyperbilirubinemia (Elizabete et al.,2011), the bilirubin reaches the highest point within 3–5 days of life and the problem usually resolved by two weeks, In contrast irreversible brain damage and kernicterus can cause by sever neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (Cabra and Whitfield,2005).

Results

Conclusion