Abstract
Many plant species expand their range to higher latitudes in response to climate change. However, it is poorly understood how biotic interactions in the new range differ from interactions in the original range. Here, in a mesocosm experiment, we analyze nematode community responses in original and new range soils to plant communities with either (a) species native in both the original and new range, (b) range‐expanding species related to these natives (related range expanders), or (c) range expanders without native congeneric species in the new range (unrelated range expanders). We hypothesized that nematode community shifts between ranges are strongest for unrelated range expanders and minimal for plant species that are native in both ranges. As a part of these community shifts, we hypothesized that range expanders, but not natives, would accumulate fewer root‐feeding nematodes in their new range compared to their original range. Analyses of responses of nematodes from both original and new ranges and comparison between range expanders with and without close relatives have not been made before. Our study reveals that none of the plant communities experienced evident nematode community shifts between the original and new range. However, in soils from the new range, root‐feeding nematode communities of natives and related range expanders were more similar than in soils from the original range, whereas the nematode community of unrelated range expanders was distinct from the communities of natives and related range expanders in soils from both ranges. The abundances of root‐feeding nematodes were comparable between the original and new range for all plant communities. Unexpectedly, unrelated range expanders overall accumulated most root‐feeding nematodes, whereas related range expanders accumulated fewest. We conclude that nematode communities associated with native and range‐expanding plant species differ between the original and the new range, but that range‐expanding plant species do not accumulate fewer root‐feeding nematodes in their new than in their original range.
Highlights
Worldwide, many native plant communities are invaded by exotic species that have been introduced intentionally or unintentionally by humans (van Kleunen et al, 2015)
These, so-called spillover effects of local enemies (Malmstrom, McCullough, Johnson, Newton, & Borer, 2005) are considered as one of the possible explanations why phylogenetically distinct exotic species can become more abundant than exotic species that are strongly related to native species (Strauss, Webb, & Salamin, 2006)
The aim of the present study was to examine plant–nematode interactions of natives, range expanders related to these natives, and range expanders without native species from the same genus in their new range, in soils from the new and original range
Summary
Many native plant communities are invaded by exotic species that have been introduced intentionally or unintentionally by humans (van Kleunen et al, 2015). In the new range, such “novel weapons” may suppress the growth of neighboring plant species (Callaway & Aschehoug, 2000), mutualists of native species (Callaway et al, 2008; Stinson et al, 2006), and natural enemies (Macel, de Vos, Jansen, van der Putten, & van Dam, 2014; Schaffner et al, 2011) Because plant traits such as root chemistry are often phylogenetically conserved (Agrawal et al, 2009; Gilbert & Parker, 2016; Pearse & Hipp, 2009), exotic species that are phylogenetically closely related to native flora may host more natural enemies in the invaded range than distantly related range expanders (Gilbert & Parker, 2016). These, so-called spillover effects of local enemies (Malmstrom, McCullough, Johnson, Newton, & Borer, 2005) are considered as one of the possible explanations why phylogenetically distinct exotic species can become more abundant than exotic species that are strongly related to native species (Strauss, Webb, & Salamin, 2006)
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