Abstract
The anthelmintic effects of extracted coriander oil and five pure essential oil constituents (geraniol, geranyl acetate, eugenol, methyl iso-eugenol, and linalool) were tested, using larval motility assay, on the third-stage larvae (L3s) of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Cooperia oncophora. Coriander oil and linalool, a major component of tested coriander oil, showed a strong inhibitory efficacy against all species, except C. oncophora with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) that ranged from 0.56 to 1.41% for the coriander oil and 0.51 to 1.76% for linalool. The coriander oil and linalool combinations conferred a synergistic anthelmintic effect (combination index [CI] <1) on larval motility comparable to positive control (20 mg/mL levamisole) within 24 h (p < 0.05), reduced IC50 values to 0.11–0.49% and induced a considerable structural damage to L3s. Results of the combined treatment were validated by quantitative fluorometric microplate-based assays using Sytox green, propidium iodide and C12-resazurin, which successfully discriminated live/dead larvae. Only Sytox green staining achieved IC50 values comparable to that of the larval motility assay. The cytotoxicity of the combined coriander oil and linalool on Madin–Darby Canine Kidney cells was evaluated using sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay and showed no significant cytotoxic effect at concentrations < 1%. These results indicate that testing essential oils and their main components may help to find new potential anthelmintic compounds, while at the same time reducing the reliance on synthetic anthelmintics.
Highlights
Parasitic gastroenteritis has been increasingly recognized as a limiting factor for sustainable small ruminant farming globally due to the adverse impact on the health and productivity of the affected animals [1]
We developed three fluorometric microplate-based assays based on three fluorescent stains (Sytox green, propidium iodide and resazurin)
We evaluated the activity of a coriander essential oil whose main components were linalool (68.03%), α-tinene (9.71%), γ-terpinene (10.48%) and camphor (11.76%) (Figure S2), and five common essential oil components, namely geraniol, geranyl acetate, eugenol, methyl iso-eugenol, and linalool, against the motility of
Summary
Parasitic gastroenteritis has been increasingly recognized as a limiting factor for sustainable small ruminant farming globally due to the adverse impact on the health and productivity of the affected animals [1]. Pathogens 2020, 9, 740 helminth treatment and control plans, has been compromised by the multi-drug-resistant parasite populations [2]. This problem has been exacerbated by intensive management systems and improper parasite management practices such as inadequate or overuse of anthelmintics [3,4]. Interest in searching for alternative and more sustainable approaches for controlling gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) infections has been intensified [6]. Alternative approaches may offer the opportunity to reduce chemical residues, control anthelmintic resistant populations and make GIN control more affordable in limited-resource countries [7]
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