Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the nematicidal activity of extracts of two marine algae (Colpomenia sinuosa and Corallina mediterranea) and their synthesized silver nanoparticles against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) that infest tomato plants. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that nanoparticles had aggregated into anisotropic Ag particles, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the particle sizes were less than 40 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis revealed that the obtained nanoparticles had a sharp absorbance between 440 and 4000 cm−1, with 13 distinct peaks ranging from 474 to 3915 cm−1. Methylene chloride extracts and nanoparticles synthesized from both algae species were used to treat M. incognita. C. sinuosa nanoparticles had the highest nematicidal activity of any treatment. Furthermore, and in contrast to other treatments, C. sinuosa nanoparticles reduced the number of nematode galls, egg-masses per root, and eggs/egg mass, while also improving plant growth parameters. C. sinuosa's methylene chloride extract was more active than C. mediterranea's, and the most effective eluent of this solvent was hexane: methylene chloride: ethyl acetate (1: 0.5: 0.5, v/v/v). When applied to M. incognita, the third fraction of this eluent was the most effective, resulting in 87.5% mortality after 12 h and 100% mortality after 24 and 72 h of exposure. The presence of seven bioactive constituents was discovered during the analysis of this fraction. In conclusion, the silver nanoparticles synthesized from C. sinuosa could be used as alternative chemical nematicides.
Highlights
The purpose of this study was to test the nematicidal activity of extracts of two marine algae (Colpomenia sinuosa and Corallina mediterranea) and their synthesized silver nanoparticles against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) that infest tomato plants
The results showed that the effect of C. sinuosa extract outperformed that of C. mediterranea in three parameters (G, egg masses (EM), and E/EM), with reduction percentages of 53.24 and 8.65%, 73.24 and 52.11% and 80.40 and 49.44%, respectively
The bioassay results showed that the treatment with C. sinuosa synthesized NPs was the most effective and comparable to the full concentration commercial pesticide Nemacur 400 EC in eliminating juvenile M. incognita after 72 h of exposure, though the effectiveness decreased with lower NP concentrations. These findings extended to the reduction of M. incognita three parameters
Summary
The purpose of this study was to test the nematicidal activity of extracts of two marine algae (Colpomenia sinuosa and Corallina mediterranea) and their synthesized silver nanoparticles against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) that infest tomato plants. Plant-pathogenic nematodes (including root-knot nematodes) reduce crop yield by 8.8% in developed countries and up to 14.6% in tropical and subtropical regions They infest a wide range of important crops and are more damaging to vegetables than to o thers[8,9]. Among all species of algae, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta are considered the most important and major groups[28] These groups contain a wide range of seaweeds (marine algae) with unexplored biochemical compounds such as carotenoids, dietary fibers, agar, acids, carotenes, alkaloids, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, all of which could be sources of novel pest control agents[29]. The main benefits of alginate preparations are their non-toxicity, rapid degradation rates, and the release of microorganisms into the s oil[32]
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