Abstract

Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) has emerged as a promising mechanism to connect billions of low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) devices for wide-area data collection. Long Range (LoRa) [1] is a commercialized and widely deployed wireless technology that facilitates the establishment of LPWANs. As illustrated in Figure 1, a LoRaWAN consists of end nodes, gateways, a network server, and an application server. The collected sensory data (e.g., temperature, humidity) transmitted from the distributed end nodes are relayed by several gateways to the network server.

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