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Abstract
In recent years, the TFCP2 (transcription factor cellular promoter 2)/TFCP2L1 (TFCP2-like 1)/UBP1 (upstream binding protein 1) subfamily of transcription factors has been attracting increasing attention in the scientific community. These factors are very important in cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and other human conditions, and they can be attractive targets for drug development. However, the interpretation of experimental results is complicated, as in principle, any of these factors could substitute for the lack of another. Thus, studying their hitherto little known functions should enhance our understanding of mechanisms of their functioning, and analogous mechanisms might govern their functioning in medically relevant contexts. For example, there are numerous parallels between placental development and cancer growth; therefore, investigating the roles of TFCP2, TFCP2L1, and UBP1 in the placenta may help us better understand their functioning in cancer, as is evidenced by the studies of various other proteins and pathways. Our review article aims to call the attention of the scientific community to these neglected functions, and encourage further research in this field. Here, we present a systematic review of current knowledge of the TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 subfamily in reproduction, embryonic development, renal function, blood-pressure regulation, brain function, and other processes, where their involvement has not been studied much until now.
Highlights
TFCP2, TFCP2L1 (TFCP2-like 1) and UBP1 constitute a distinct subfamily of Grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors [1]
Transcription factors from the TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 subfamily are involved in various processes related to reproduction
In Drosophila melanogaster, the first discovered member of the TFCP2/Grainyhead transcription factor family—Grainyhead (GRH)—is involved in the development of trachea, where it regulates apical membrane growth and tube elongation under the control of Branchless/FGF signaling [22]
Summary
TFCP2 (transcription factor cellular promoter 2), TFCP2L1 (TFCP2-like 1) and UBP1 (upstream binding protein 1) constitute a distinct subfamily of Grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors [1]. They are important for the regulation of the cell cycle, hematopoiesis, expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genes, development of cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. Many underlying mechanisms are still unclear, and the interpretation of data is complicated by many issues, including redundancies between these proteins For these reasons, our review aims to explore the less-known functions of TFCP2, TFCP2L1, and UBP1, because analysis of these functions may assist us in unraveling the general molecular mechanisms of action of these factors. We strictly follow the HUGO nomenclature, but for the benefit of our readers we list these synonyms below: TFCP2: CP2, TFCP2C, LSF (late SV40 factor), LBP-1c, LBP-1d TFCP2L1: CRTR-1, LBP-9 UBP1: LBP-1a, LBP-1b, NF2d9
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