Abstract
In the context of non‐native language acquisition or use, “transfer” broadly refers to the influence of the learner's native language. When the influence of the native language leads to errors in the acquisition or use of the target language, we say that negative transfer or interference occurs. When the influence of the native language leads to immediate or rapid acquisition or use of the target language, we speak of positive transfer or facilitation. Applied linguists tend to focus much more on negative transfer than on positive transfer because it is generally believed that only negative transfer presents teaching and learning challenges. Negative transfer manifests itself in different linguistic domains, including phonetics and phonology (or pronunciation), morphology and syntax, vocabulary, and pragmatics.
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