Abstract
By way of examples in vacuum and media, we show that the criterion used widely to determine the occurrence of negative phase velocity propagation is not covariant. A new covariant criterion is presented that reduces to the previous criterion in the rest frame of a medium. The new criterion requires calculation of the plane wave electromagnetic modes of a generalized medium in terms of the four-potential, A<sub>ν</sub>. Some of the subtleties of removing the gauge freedom inherent in A<sub>ν</sub> are highlighted.
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