Abstract
The present short paper is concerned with accurate explanation as well as quantification of the so called missing dark energy of the cosmos. It was always one of the main objectives of any successful general theory of high energy particle physics and quantum cosmology to keep non-physical negative norms, the so called ghosts completely out of that theory. The present work takes the completely contrary view by admitting these supposedly spurious states as part of the physical Hilbert space. It is further shown that rethinking the ghost free condition with the two critical spacetime dimensions D1 = 26 and D2 = 25 together with the corresponding intercept a1 = 1 and a2 ≤ 1 respectively and in addition imposing, as in Gross et al. heterotic superstrings, an overall 496 dimensional exceptional Lie symmetry group, then one will discover that there are two distinct types of energy. The first is positive norm ordinary energy connected to the zero set quantum particles which is very close to the measured ordinary energy density of the cosmos, namely E(O) = mc2/22. The second is negative norm (i.e. ghost) energy connected to the empty set quantum wave and is equal to the conjectured dark energy density of the cosmos E(D) = mc2 (21/22) presumed to be behind the observed accelerated cosmic expansion. That way we were able to not only explain the physics of dark energy without adding any new concepts or novel additional ingredients but also we were able to compute the dark energy density accurately and in full agreement with measurements and observations.
Highlights
One of the most cherished objectives of any successful modern theory in quantum gravity and cosmology is to keep negative norms out of the physical Hilbert space for being meaningless [1]-[5]
We were very thorough and successful in clearing our theories from negative norms to the extent that we obscured the origin of dark energy it is nothing more mysterious than the relatively familiar ghosts, or as said earlier on, the negative norms which we keep saying are not part of reality and should not be part of the physical Hilbert space
In E-infinity [9]-[15] we worked all the time with empty sets modelling these ghosts but calling them empty sets and called the energy attached to them dark energy and paradoxically referred to it as the energy of the “energy-less empty” quantum wave [9]-[15]
Summary
One of the most cherished objectives of any successful modern theory in quantum gravity and cosmology is to keep negative norms out of the physical Hilbert space for being meaningless [1]-[5]. Following the conventional analysis of negative norms, we see that the mathematical scheme itself is trying hard to tell us something but we were not listening, that is until dark energy was conjectured based on real actual measurements and observations [6] [7] [12]. Continuing with this mainstream analysis we can define spurious states leading to an expression which we initially did not want to be part of the physical Hilbert space based on the arguments just being refuted above [1]-[5] [9]-[15].
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