Negative Index Metamaterial-Based Frequency-Reconfigurable Textile CPW Antenna for Microwave Imaging of Breast Cancer.

Kabir Hossain,Muzammil Jusoh,Thennarasan Sabapathy,Muhammad Ramlee Kamarudin,Shen-Han Lee,Khairul Shakir Ab Rahman

doi:10.3390/s22041626

Abstract

In this paper, we report the design and development of a metamaterial (MTM)-based directional coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed reconfigurable textile antenna using radiofrequency (RF) varactor diodes for microwave breast imaging. Both simulation and measurement results of the proposed MTM-based CPW-fed reconfigurable textile antenna revealed a continuous frequency reconfiguration to a distinct frequency band between 2.42 GHz and 3.2 GHz with a frequency ratio of 2.33:1, and with a static bandwidth at 4–15 GHz. The results also indicated that directional radiation pattern could be produced at the frequency reconfigurable region and the antenna had a peak gain of 7.56 dBi with an average efficiency of more than 67%. The MTM-based reconfigurable antenna was also tested under the deformed condition and analysed in the vicinity of the breast phantom. This microwave imaging system was used to perform simulation and measurement experiments on a custom-fabricated realistic breast phantom with heterogeneous tissue composition with image reconstruction using delay-and-sum (DAS) and delay-multiply-and-sum (DMAS) algorithms. Given that the MWI system was capable of detecting a cancer as small as 10 mm in the breast phantom, we propose that this technique may be used clinically for the detection of breast cancer.

Highlights

Female breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, recently surpassing even lung cancer, with 2.3 million new cases in 2020 [1]
Results of the 4 depicts the evolution process of the MTM‐based reconfigurable antenna (MBRU) antenna design in this s the crucial features of the reconfigurable antenna is toCPW‐fed enable efficient tuning the One firstofstage, a full ground patch with a directional decagonal‐shaped to a targeted parameter while simultaneously maintaining optimum performance in the type conventional was designed with a 0.5 mm gap to avoid short characteristics of otherantenna parameters
For the first time, the design and development of an MTM-based directional coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed frequency-reconfigurable textile antenna incorporated with RF varactor diodes for microwave imaging of breast cancer and validated this imaging system in a realistic breast phantom

Summary

Introduction

Female breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, recently surpassing even lung cancer, with 2.3 million new cases in 2020 [1]. In low- and middle-income countries with lesser health resources, a larger proportion of women with breast cancer present late and are diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic disease [3]. This gives rise to a wide disparity in the breast cancer survival rates between high-income versus low- and middle-income nations [1]. Current medical imaging modalities in breast cancer include mammography, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) These diagnostic tools have limitations and, there is an unmet need to explore alternative or complementary tools and techniques for early detection of breast cancers [4]

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