Abstract
Many studies have investigated the influence of emotion on memory processes across the human lifespan. Some results have shown older adults (OA) performing better with positive stimuli, some with negative items, whereas some found no impact of emotional valence. Here we tested, in two independent studies, how younger adults (YA) and OA would perform in a visuospatial working memory (VSWM) task with positive, negative, and neutral images. The task consisted of identifying the new location of a stimulus in a crescent set of identical stimuli presented in different locations in a touch-screen monitor. In other words, participants should memorize the locations previously occupied to identify the new location. For each trial, the number of occupied locations increased until 8 or until a mistake was made. In study 1, 56 YA and 38 OA completed the task using images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Results showed that, although YA outperformed OA, no effects of emotion were found. In study 2, 26 YA and 25 OA were tested using facial expressions as stimuli. Data from this study showed that negative faces facilitated performance and this effect did not differ between age groups. No differences were found between men and women. Taken together, our findings suggest that YA and OA’s VSWM can be influenced by the emotional valence of the information, though this effect was present only for facial stimuli. Presumably, this may have happened due to the social and biological importance of such stimuli, which are more effective in transmitting emotions than IAPS images. Critically, our results also indicate that the mixed findings in the literature about the influence of aging on the interactions between memory and emotion may be caused by the use of different stimuli and methods. This possibility should be kept in mind in future studies about memory and emotion across the lifespan.
Highlights
Visuospatial working memory (VSWM), one of the storage subsystems of working memory (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974, 1994), has been found to be impacted by cognitive aging (Fabiani et al, 2015; Cabeza et al, 2016)
No differences were found between men and women (p > 0.205). Accuracy in this task was not influenced by the emotional valence of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) image (F(2,186) = 0.293, p = 0.706, η2p = 0.004)
The results of the current study suggest that younger adults (YA) and older adults (OA) did not differ in how their visuospatial working memory (VSWM) is influenced by the emotional valence displayed in facial stimuli
Summary
Visuospatial working memory (VSWM), one of the storage subsystems of working memory (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974, 1994), has been found to be impacted by cognitive aging (Fabiani et al, 2015; Cabeza et al, 2016). According to Mammarella et al (2016a), recent evidence points to noradrenaline being linked to behavioral changes related to motivation, reward, and stimuli salience (Bouret and Richmond, 2015; Mather et al, 2015) Another line of evidence suggests an increase in activity of the noradrenergic system in aging (Seals and Esler, 2000), which would increase the effects of this component on OA’s emotional memory. If OA are more focused on emotionally meaningful and positive experiences, these will possibly be differently affected by noradrenaline compared to YA, leading to the Positivity Effect Such age-related change in goals, motivations, and interests is compatible with another proposal, named the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (Carstensen et al, 1999). Joining Mammarella et al (2016a)’s and Carstensen et al (1999)’s proposals, OA’s focus on positive events may make these events more salient and differentially modulated by noradrenaline, enhancing their memorization
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