Negative corona discharge-ion mobility spectrometry as a detection system for low density extraction solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

Abstract

This paper deals with a method based on negative corona discharge ionization ion mobility spectrometry (NCD-IMS) for the analysis of ethion (as an organophosphorus pesticide). The negative ions such as O2− and NOx− were eliminated from the background spectrum to increase the instrument sensitivity. The method was used to specify the sample extracted via dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) based on low density extraction solvent. The ion mobility spectrum of ethion in the negative mode and the reduced mobility value for its ion peak are firstly reported and compared with those of the positive mode. In order to combine the low density solvent DLLME directly with NCD-IMS, cyclohexane was selected as the extraction solvent, helping us to have a direct injection up to 20µL solution, without any signal interference. The method was exhaustively validated in terms of sensitivity, enrichment factor, relative recovery, and repeatability. The linear dynamic range of 0.2–100.0µgL−1, detection limit of 0.075µgL−1, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of about 5% were obtained for the analysis of ethion through this method. The average recoveries were calculated about 68% and 92% for the grape juice and underground water, respectively. Finally, some real samples were analyzed and the feasibility of the proposed method was successfully verified by the efficient extraction of the analyte using DLLME before the analysis by NCD-IMS.