Negative childbirth experience – what matters most? a register-based study of risk factors in three time periods during pregnancy

Abstract

ObjectiveTo explore the impact of risk factors representing three different time periods during pregnancy on negative childbirth experience. MethodsThis was a register-based cohort study of 80482 primiparas giving birth to singleton, term infants in Sweden 2013–2018, elective caesarean sections (CS) excluded. Hierarchical logistic regression was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in three blocks, each representing risk factors from one of three time periods: I) before pregnancy, II) pregnancy, III) childbirth. ResultsOf the pre-gestational factors, only poor self-rated health (SRH) remained associated with negative childbirth experience after adjustment for pregnancy- and childbirth-related factors (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08–1.34). Psychiatric care during pregnancy and fear of childbirth were both associated with negative birth experience (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.35–1.69; aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.32–1.70), as were all childbirth-related factors included in the model. Women giving birth operatively vaginally or by unplanned CS under regional anaesthesia had three-fold higher ORs for rating their overall childbirth experience as negative (aOR 3.29, 95% CI 3.04–3.57; aOR 3.07, 95% CI 2.80–3.38). The highest OR, 5.44, was seen among women undergoing unplanned CS under general anaesthesia (95% CI 4.55–6.50). ConclusionThe main contributing factors to negative childbirth experience are related to labour and birth, but poor SRH prior to pregnancy, together with psychiatric care during pregnancy and fear of childbirth, place the woman in a vulnerable position, and require extra attention.