Needle accumulation rate model-based reconstruction of palaeo-tree biomass in the western subalpine Alps

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An appropriate bioproxy is required to decipher Holocene tree biomass dynamics from the stand scale in relation to local processes such as disturbance or global climate change. Here we used plant litter collected in traps placed in subalpine forests, and data on the surrounding stands, to develop calibration equations for converting the observed macroremain accumulation rates to tree biomass (basal area) values. The needle accumulation rate (NAR) was modeled for Larix decidua and Pinus cembra. We then used the calibration equation developed from the trapped macroremains to reconstruct past tree biomass for sedimentary Holocene series from two subalpine lakes in the Alps. Our data show that NAR is significantly correlated with basal area. We found a clear overrepresentation of L. decidua NAR compared with its real basal area. This distortion potentially masks the occurrence of P. cembra, another important functional species of subalpine ecosystems, when macroremains are not calibrated. Without calibration, the use of NAR to describe past plant biomass always leads to an overestimation of L. decidua biomass and an underestimation of P. cembra biomass. Several shifts between the dominance of the two species, which were masked when using unadjusted NAR, were apparent and occurred at both sites. By comparing the reconstructed basal areas with fire frequencies, we found that P. cembra biomass accumulation preceded the increase of fire frequency and that fire frequencies superior to 0.0085 fire/yr could induce a long-term loss of resilience of cembra pine forest to the benefit of larch. This results to a slight dominance of Larix biomass from 2500 to 2000 cal. BP until the present day at the two sites. Our results provide increased understanding of tree biomass dynamics associated with specific vegetation phases, and shifts in dominant species, and highlight the needs to understand the causes of these shifts and identify how such processes are related to local environmental conditions.