Nectar Uptake of a Long-Proboscid Prosoeca Fly (Nemestrinidae)-Proboscis Morphology and Flower Shape.

Abstract

Simple SummaryFlies with a particularly long proboscis are characteristic of flower-visiting insects in the Greater Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. We studied an endemic nemestrinid fly species in a small isolated area of semi-natural vegetation where these insects were the only flower visitors that could drink nectar from the available long-tubed flowers of one plant species. We examined the mouthpart structures that are important for nectar uptake and the length and diameter of the proboscis in comparison with the flower sizes. This local one-to-one interaction between the fly population and its nectar host flower gave the opportunity to quantify the nectar resources available for the nemestrinid flies at the study site. By comparing the offered nectar volumes before and after flower visits, the average meal size could be estimated. Assessments of the nectar levels from measured quantities and flower size allowed us to make predictions of how various proboscis lengths could reach nectar inside floral tubes.Several Prosoeca (Nemestinidae) species use a greatly elongated proboscis to drink nectar from long-tubed flowers. We studied morphological adaptations for nectar uptake of Prosoeca marinusi that were endemic to the Northern Cape of South Africa. Our study site was a small isolated area of semi-natural habitat, where the long-tubed flowers of Babiana vanzijliae (Iridaceae) were the only nectar source of P. marinusi, and these flies were the only insects with matching proboscis. On average, the proboscis measured 32.63 ± 2.93 mm in length and less than 0.5 mm in diameter. The short labella at the tip are equipped with pseudotracheae that open at the apical margin, indicating that nectar is extracted out of the floral tube with closed labella. To quantify the available nectar resources, measurements of the nectar volume were taken before the flies were active and after observed flower visits. On average, an individual fly took up approximately 1 µL of nectar per flower visit. The measured nectar quantities and the flower geometry allowed estimations of the nectar heights and predictions of necessary proboscis lengths to access nectar in a range of flower tube lengths.