Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the level of reproductive success (RS) in natural and anthropogenic populations of generalist orchid Epipactis palustris and its dependence on flower structure and nectar composition, i.e., amino acids and sugars. We found that both pollinaria removal and female reproductive success were high and similar in all populations, despite differences in flower traits and nectar chemistry. Flower structures were weakly correlated with parameters of RS. Nectar traits were more important in shaping RS; although, we noted differentiated selection on nectar components in distinct populations. Individuals in natural populations produced nectar with a larger amount of sugars and amino acids. The sucrose to (fructose and glucose) ratio in natural populations was close to 1, while in anthropogenic ones, a clear domination of fructose and glucose was noted. Our results indicate that the flower traits and nectar composition of E. palustris reflect its generalist character and meet the requirements of a wide range of pollinators, differing according to body sizes, mouth apparatus, and dietary needs. Simultaneously, differentiation of nectar chemistry suggests a variation of pollinator assemblages in particular populations or domination of their some groups. To our knowledge, a comparison of nectar chemistry between natural and anthropogenic populations of orchids is reported for the first time in this paper.
Highlights
Accepted: 8 November 2021To achieve the highest possible reproductive success, plants have evolved different strategies
Et al [67], on the basis of Claessens and Kleynen [5] data from 24 populations of this species, reported that the average fruit set shaped at 77.6% %, and Jacquemyn and Brys [82] noted 70% fruiting in Belgian populations
We found the high reproductive success (RS) and pollination efficiency
Summary
To achieve the highest possible reproductive success, plants have evolved different strategies. The strategies are directed at relations with pollinators. The masters in building the most specialized interaction with their pollinating partners are representatives of Orchidaceae. The majority of them are specialists connected to only one pollinator species (67% of all orchids) or a single functional group [1,2,3,4]. On the opposite point of the continuum of the specialization–generalization scale are generalists, pollinated by a wide range of animals from different systematic and ecological groups. An example of the last group is the object of the present study of Epipactis palustris, which is pollinated by more than 100 species [5,6]
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