Neck muscle activation in response to eye movement depends on sitting posture and is modified in whiplash associated disorders: Cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundActivity of specific neck muscles is modulated by eye movement. This activity modulation is exaggerated in people with whiplash associated disorders (WAD), but it is unknown whether it is impacted by sitting posture. ObjectiveThis study investigated; (i) whether activity of cervical muscles differs with spinal posture; (ii) whether the effect of eye gaze direction (horizontal/vertical) on neck muscle activity differs between postures, and (iii) whether these effects differ between individuals with and without WAD. MethodsIn three seated postures (normal relaxed, head forward, sit tall) electromyography (EMG) was recorded right obliquus capitis inferior (OI), multifidus (MF), splenius capitis (SP) and left sternocleidomastoid (SCM) with fine-wire and surface electrodes in ten healthy controls and nine with WAD. Electro-oculography recorded eye movements. ResultsIn controls, EMG was less for extensor muscles in Sit Tall than Head Forward, but higher in SCM. Only SC EMG modulated with eye movement. When WAD participants adopted similar sitting postures several responses were different; compared to Normal Relaxed posture OI EMG was less in Head Forward; MF EMG was less in Sit Tall; and SC was less in Head Forward and Sit Tall. Neck muscles in WAD were generally more sensitive to eye movement, except SC which did not modulate. ConclusionsThese finding support the hypothesis that neck muscle activity is influenced by spinal posture and eye movement. In WAD, this relationship is distorted and the response to eye movement is increased. SignificanceThese observations have potential implications for clinical management of individuals with WAD.