Neat and clear: 700 species of crane flies (Diptera: Tipulomorpha) link southern South America and Australasia

Abstract

A biogeographical analysis of crane flies (Diptera, Tipulomorpha) in the southern hemisphere is used to test if their distribution patterns provide evidence of biogeographical homology (shared history) in the South Pacific. Crane fly distributions are interpreted in light of patterns of endemism and diversity and published phylogenetic studies. A panbiogeographical approach, assuming that repeating distribution patterns strongly suggest the existence of past connections between the areas (biogeographical homology), is used. A clear pattern is revealed in which crane fly taxa shared between southern South America, New Zealand and Australia are restricted to that region. Thirty genera and subgenera, together comprising about 700 species, occur in both South America and Australasia and only in these areas. This distribution defines the limits of the South Pacific Track, a standard biogeographical pattern displayed by many taxa, including the southern beeches (Nothofagus). Although the distribution of some taxa spans the entire track, others are present in parts of the areas only, forming a nested set of distributions. Within the surveyed genera and subgenera, all individual species are endemic to one single region or continent, suggesting vicariance as the main process behind crane fly disjunctions in this part of the world. The nested set of distribution patterns could be explained by extinctions in areas where taxa were present previously. Alternatively, it may indicate historical absences and the existence of a heterogeneous set of ancestral distributional ranges. ‘Gondwanan’ may not be the best term for the observed disjunctions, which should be labelled as trans‐Pacific instead. Recent molecular estimates of divergence times suggest a Permian origin of the earliest extant Diptera lineages such as the Tipulomorpha, followed by fast radiation in the Triassic. Although the differentiation of some crane fly groups occurring in the region may have been driven by recent Mesozoic and Cenozoic events of continental breakup, as least part of the fauna may have evolved allopatrically in response to older events. This may explain the overlapping distribution of subgenera in large genera such as Gynoplistia.