Abstract

This article explores how the study of Middle Eastern society and history has moved gradually from a focus on homogeneity and continuity to more elaborate discussions of the impact of many determining factors. It is now commonly accepted that due to its historical centrality to historical world systems and its contemporary geopolitical significance, Middle Eastern society and history cannot be understood apart from global trends which influence the region and are influenced by it as well. The studies are most revealing when they go above or below contemporary state jurisdictions and emphasize instead the historically autonomous mode of self-organization of civil society, cultural communities, travel, and trade. Middle Eastern society has historically been defined more so by the hybridity and diversity resulting from the above factors than by the social engineering of states.

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