Near-infrared spectroscopy of blood plasma with chemometrics towards HIV discrimination during pregnancy

Daniel L D Freitas,Juliana D De A S Camargo,João V M Mariz,Kassio M G Lima,Lidiane G Silva,Janaina C O Crispim,Ana F S Peres,Camilo L M Morais,Rayanne S P Morais,Marcos G Santos,Francis L Martin,Daniel A V Pascoal

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02105-5

Daniel L D Freitas, Juliana D De A S Camargo + Show 10 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02105-5

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Abstract

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs have been one of the hallmarks of success in the fight against HIV/AIDS. In Brazil, access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy has increased, leading to a reduction in new infections among children. Currently, lifelong ART is available to all pregnant, however yet challenges remain in eliminating mother-to-child transmission. In this paper, we focus on the role of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to analyse blood plasma samples of pregnant women with HIV infection to differentiate pregnant women without HIV infection. Seventy-seven samples (39 HIV-infected patient and 38 healthy control samples) were analysed. Multivariate classification of resultant NIR spectra facilitated diagnostic segregation of both sample categories in a fast and non-destructive fashion, generating good accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. This method is simple and low-cost, and can be easily adapted to point-of-care screening, which can be essential to monitor pregnancy risks in remote locations or in the developing world. Therefore, it opens a new perspective to investigate vertical transmission (VT). The approach described here, can be useful for the identification and exploration of VT under various pathophysiological conditions of maternal HIV. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the potential of NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis as a screening tool for fast and low-cost HIV detection.

Highlights

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs have been one of the hallmarks of success in the fight against HIV/AIDS
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a spectrometric technique that explores high-energy vibrational modes of molecular chemical bonds, generating a sample spectrochemical spectrum in the region between 750 to 2500 nm[7,8,9]. This technique employs relatively simple and low-cost instrumentation when compared to mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or even mid-infrared spectroscopy, and is widely available in portable handheld devices for in-field analysis
Our group was first to use the Near-infrared spectroscopy with multivariate classification to analyze the blood plasma collected from pregnant women with HIV, where we observed towards HIV discrimination during pregnancy

Summary

Introduction

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs have been one of the hallmarks of success in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Among the pregnant women carrying HIV, 15–45% will transmit the virus to their child if diagnosis and adequate treatment are not employed[3] This form of infectivity has great relevance and requires a great degree of attention from health organizations due to its undesirable consequences to the mother or child, such as abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, premature birth, low birth weight, amongst o thers[4]. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a spectrometric technique that explores high-energy vibrational modes of molecular chemical bonds, generating a sample spectrochemical spectrum in the region between 750 to 2500 nm[7,8,9] This technique employs relatively simple and low-cost instrumentation when compared to mass spectrometry, NMR or even mid-infrared spectroscopy, and is widely available in portable handheld devices for in-field analysis. In addition to the simple instrumentation, this technique is non-destructive and reagent-free, experimental measurements can be performed quickly and with no or minimal sample preparation

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