Abstract

Neurofeedback is a promising tool for treatment and rehabilitation of several patient groups. In this proof of principle study, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) based neurofeedback of frontal cortical areas was investigated in healthy adults. Main aims were the assessment of learning, the effects on performance in a working memory (n-back) task and the impact of applied strategies on regulation. 13 healthy participants underwent eight sessions of NIRS based neurofeedback within 2 weeks to learn to voluntarily up-regulate hemodynamic activity in prefrontal areas. An n-back task in pre-/post measurements was used to monitor neurocognitive changes. Mean oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) amplitudes over the course of the sessions as well as during the n-back task were evaluated. 12 out of 13 participants were able to regulate their frontal hemodynamic response via NIRS neurofeedback. However, no systematic learning effects were observed in frontal O2Hb amplitudes over the training course in our healthy sample. We found an impact of applied strategies in only 5 out of 13 subjects. Regarding the n-back task, neurofeedback appeared to induce more focused and specific brain activation compared to pre-training measurement. NIRS based neurofeedback is a feasible and potentially effective method, with an impact on activation patterns in a working memory task. Ceiling effects might explain the lack of a systematic learning pattern in healthy subjects. Clinical studies are needed to show effects in patients exhibiting pathological deviations in prefrontal function.

Highlights

  • Modern neuroimaging methods offer the opportunity to feedback aspects of brain physiology, so that people can learn to voluntarily regulate and modify them

  • The newly established frontal lobe focused, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) based neurofeedback training was approved by the ethics committee at the University Tübingen and University Hospital Tübingen for studies in both patients with attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (297/08; 434/2010BO1) and healthy participants (018/2015BO2); the data reported here were derived from the first pilot trainings conducted in healthy subjects

  • As for the qualitative analysis aiming to describe regulation strategies and associated performance, we looked at oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) amplitudes of the seven foremost channels in both optode arrays for each session on a descriptive level

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Summary

Introduction

Modern neuroimaging methods offer the opportunity to feedback aspects of brain physiology, so that people can learn to voluntarily regulate and modify them. This skill, in turn, can be a useful tool in treatment or rehabilitation by directly targeting neurophysiological deficits (Bartholdy et al, 2013; Holtmann et al, 2014; Kim and Birbaumer, 2014). Neurofeedback is mostly hypothesized to be based on an operant conditioning process comprising reinforcements for desired brain states and thereby leading to conscious self-regulation of brain activity. Studies on EEG neurofeedback in healthy participants provide evidence of beneficial outcomes and cognitive or affective gains (Gruzelier, 2014)

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