Abstract
Near-infrared photoluminescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are expected to provide effectual bio-imaging tools, although, as yet, only limited applications have been reported. Here, we report that CNTs coated with an amphiphilic and biocompatible polymer, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate; PMB), generate high-quality images of brown fat. Brown fat is a heat-productive adipose tissue, which is attracting increasing attention as a new therapeutic target for obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Its brown colour is mainly attributed to densely packed capillaries, which facilitate its high heat-exchanging efficiency. Currently, positron emission tomography-computed tomography is the only practical technique to identify brown fat distribution in the living body; however, it is expensive to use. By virtue of their high affinity to apolipoproteins and exemption from macrophage phagocytosis, PMB-CNTs selectively accumulate on capillary endothelial cells but not larger vessels in adipose tissue. Therefore, the image brightness of adipose tissue can directly reflect the capillary density, and indirectly the thermogenic capability and brownness. PMB-CNTs provide clearer images than conventional organic dyes, as the high level of transmitted light passes through the body with less light scattering. Thus, PMB-CNT-based imaging methods could open a new phase in thermogenic adipose tissue research.
Highlights
In this work, we used the amphiphilic and biocompatible polymer poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate) (PMB)[15,16,17] to coat carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
The PMB-coated CNT (PMB-CNT) remained stably dispersed in water for several months (Supplementary Fig. 1), and the PL intensity of PMB-CNT did not decline after mixing with mouse blood serum or plasma (Supplementary Fig. 2)
These findings suggest that PMB-CNTs are suitable for bio-imaging purposes
Summary
We used the amphiphilic and biocompatible polymer poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate) (PMB)[15,16,17] to coat CNTs. It is known that some organic probes are capable of brown fat imaging, these include indocyanine IR-78636, IRDye[800] conjugated with a peptide selectively binding to vascular cells of BAT37, SRFluor[680] enclosed in polyethylene glycol micelles[38], and the curcumin analogue CRANAD-2939. Such organic probes emit fluorescence at shorter wavelengths (700–900 nm), resulting in problems with low image resolution
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