Índice de masa corporal y presión arterial en adolescentes de una zona urbana en México

Background Definition of childhood overweight/obesity should aim to identify children with excess body fat in order to treat the associated adverse health outcomes. Objective To investigate relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values in children between the ages of 6 and 14 year old. Materials and Methods Secondary data gathered from public health screening days at Child Health and Diseases Polyclinic of Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality Maternity and Children Hospital on 1899 children. Each child was classified on the basis of age- and sex-specific Body Mass Index percentile (BMI%) as normal weight (BMI% < 85th), overweight (BMI% ≥ 85th and < 95th), or obese (BMI% ≥ 95th). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were compared among age-sex-BMI percentile groups. Results SBP and DBP values are higher in obese and overweight children compared to normal children. Among all children in this study, being overweight and obese increased the likelihood of elevated SBP and DBP values after adjusting for age. Blood pressure (BP) is increasing with increasing BMI in all age groups (6 to 14 year old) and this is also found at a young age. The same trend is also present within the normal BMI% group. Conclusions Our results show that BMI is associated with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese children as well as children in normal BMI% group. BP is increasing with increasing BMI values even in normal group but the increase is more in obese children. Hence, maintaining age related normal growth increase in the BMI in childhood is important in preventing higher BP values later in life.Keywords: Body Mass Index; BMI; Blood pressure; Children DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i3.5574 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2011;1(3) 101-105

Objective: To analyze the influence of different number of blood pressure measurement on the detection of elevated blood pressure in Tibetan adolescents and provide scientific reference for standardizing the number of blood pressure measurement and accurately diagnosing elevated blood pressure in adolescents. Methods: Data were from the project "survey of the risk factors for elevated blood pressure among Tibetan adolescents" conducted from August to September 2018 in Shigatse in Tibet. A total of 2 822 Tibetan adolescents aged 12-17 years, including 1 275 boys (45.2%), were recruited by a convenient, stratified cluster sampling method. Each participant underwent three consecutive blood pressure measurements. Elevated blood pressure was defined according to the Health Industry Criterion of China: WS/T 610-2018 "Reference of screening for elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years" . Analysis of variance and χ(2) test were used to analyze the effect of different blood pressure measurement on blood pressure levels and detection of elevated blood pressure, respectively. Results: SBP and DBP decreased substantially across three consecutive blood pressure measurements[SBP: (112.7±9.7), (110.7±9.7) and (110.2±9.5) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa); DBP: (62.7±8.2), (61.1±8.5) and (60.6±8.5) mmHg; P value for trend<0.001]. The detection rates of elevated blood pressure based on three blood pressure measurements were 12.8%, 8.7% and 7.9%, respectively (P value for trend <0.001). Of note, the difference in the detection of elevated blood pressure based on the second blood pressure measurement or based on the average value of the second and third blood pressure measurements showed no significance (8.7% and 7.2%, P=0.039). Conclusions: Blood pressure levels and the detection of elevated blood pressure in adolescents decreased substantially across three consecutive blood pressure measurements. The second blood pressure measurement might be sufficient for screening elevated blood pressure in adolescents.

BackgroundUnderstanding the relationship between BMI and blood pressure requires assessing whether this association is similar or differs across population groups. This study aimed to assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure levels, and how these associations vary between socioeconomic groups and geographical settings.MethodsData from the National Demographic Health Survey of Peru from 2014 to 2019 was analyzed considering the complex survey design. The outcomes were levels of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the exposure was BMI. Exposure and outcomes were fitted as continuous variables in a non-linear quadratic regression model. We explored effect modification by six socioeconomic and geographical variables (sex, age, education level, socioeconomic position, study area, and altitude), fitting an interaction term between each of these variables and BMI.ResultsData from 159, 940 subjects, mean age 44.4 (SD: 17.1), 54.6% females, was analyzed. A third (34.0%) of individuals had ≥12 years of education, 24.7% were from rural areas, and 23.7% lived in areas located over 2,500 m above sea level. In the overall sample mean BMI was 27.1 (SD: 4.6) kg/m2, and mean SBP and DBP were 122.5 (SD: 17.2) and 72.3 (SD: 9.8) mmHg, respectively. In the multivariable models, greater BMI levels were associated with higher SBP (p-value < 0.001) and DBP (p-value < 0.001). There was strong evidence that sex, age, education level, and altitude were effect modifiers of the association between BMI and both SBP and DBP. In addition to these socio-demographic variables, socioeconomic position and study area were also effect modifiers of the association between BMI and DBP, but not SBP.ConclusionsThe association between BMI and levels of blood pressure is not uniform on a range of socio-demographic and geographical population groups. This characterization can inform the understanding of the epidemiology and rise of blood pressure in a diversity of low-resource settings.

Objective: To analyze the mediating role of non-traditional lipid parameters in the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure in children and adolescents, and to provide a reference basis for the development of hypertension prevention and treatment strategies in children and adolescents. Design and method: A stratified whole-group random sampling method was used to select 1796 children and adolescents aged 12 to 18 years from middle and high schools in Ningxia for physical examination and laboratory testing, and a mediating effect model was used to analyze the mediating effect of nontraditional lipids on the relationship between BMI and blood pressure. Results: Among the nontraditional lipid parameters, all of them were significantly associated with blood pressure except Non-HDL-C (all P&lt;0.001); three of them, Remnant Cholesterol (RC), TG/HDL-C and RC/HDL-C, had significantly higher effects on blood pressure than the others (all P&lt;0.001). HDL-C, RC and RC/HDL-C partially mediated the relationship between BMI and blood pressure, with the three mediating effects accounting for 5.2%, 6.9%, and 7.5% of the relationship between BMI and diastolic blood pressure and 4.4%, 3.0%, and 3.8% of the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure, respectively (all P&lt;0.001). Conclusions: Nontraditional lipid parameters are associated with blood pressure and partially mediate the relationship between BMI and blood pressure, and more attention should be paid to the role of monitoring nontraditional lipid parameters in the management of blood pressure in children and adolescents.

We have tested the hypothesis that the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors as well as socioeconomic status is different in five Latin American populations (where BMI is high) and seven Asian populations (where BMI is low). Random samples of approximately 200 males aged between 35 and 65 years were selected from 12 general or industrial populations in Latin America and Asia. Standardized measures of height, weight, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, cigarette smoking, highest level of completed education, occupation and income were made. The mean BMI (kg/m2) was 25.3 (SD 3.74) in the five Latin American populations (which were all urban), 22.2 (SD 3.24) in the four Asian urban populations and 21.4 (SD 3.33) in the three Asian rural populations. Despite the differences in mean BMI levels, statistically significant positive relationships of a similar magnitude were seen between BMI and blood pressure levels in Latin America and Asia. Similarly, there was a statistically significant positive relationship found between BMI and total cholesterol in both Latin American and Asian urban samples, but of a higher magnitude in Asian rural samples. Current cigarette smokers had significantly lower BMI than ex-smokers or never smokers in Latin America and Asia. In Asia, there were statistically significant positive associations between BMI and levels of education and income as well as with occupation-these relationships were stronger for education and occupation in rural than in urban samples. There were no statistically significant associations between BMI and these measures of socioeconomic status in Latin America. The similarities of the associations between BMI and blood pressure and cholesterol levels in the two groups suggest that efforts to reduce BMI in all populations is likely to be important in reducing risk of CVD. Preventing the future rise of BMI in populations where BMI is still relatively low is a high priority. The difference in association between BMI and socioeconomic status in the different population groups requires study of the way sociocultural factors influence behavior that determines BMI levels.

Background: Obesity and hypertension are both common health problems in children and adolescents; several studies have reported that obesity is associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) in both adults and children. However, no studies on the association between body mass index (BMI) distribution and prevalence of relatively high BP among children and adolescents have been reported in China.Aim: The present study examined the relationship of BMI distribution to relatively high BP among children and adolescents in Shandong, China.Subjects and methods: A total of 8568 students (4333 boys and 4235 girls) aged 7–18 years participated in this study. Height, weight and BP of all subjects were measured; BMI of adolescents was calculated from their height and weight. Relatively high BP status was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 95th percentile for age and gender. Prevalence of relatively high BP within each BMI percentile category was determined. Comparisons of BP among different BMI percentile groups were made.Results: The levels of SBP and DBP increased with age and were positively correlated with BMI in both boys and girls. The overall prevalence of relatively high BP was 24.07% for boys and 22.36% for girls. Prevalence of relatively high BP increased with BMI percentiles, this trend being especially obvious in the upper percentiles of BMI. An increasing trend was observed in SBP and DBP from BMI < 25th, 25th ≤ BMI < 50th, 50th ≤ BMI < 75th to BMI ≥ 75th percentile group.Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of relatively high BP among children and adolescents in Shandong, China. The present findings emphasize the importance of prevention of overweight and obesity in order to prevent future related problems such as hypertension in children and adolescents.

To describe and evaluate relationships between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and hypertension and dyslipidemia. A national survey of adults in the United States that included measurement of height, weight, blood pressure, and lipids (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988-1994). Crude age-adjusted, age-specific means and proportions, and multivariate odds ratios that quantify the association between hypertension or dyslipidemia and BMI, controlling for race/ethnicity, education, and smoking habits are presented. More than one-half of the adult population is overweight (BMI of 25 to 29.9) or obese (BMI of > or =30). The prevalence of high blood pressure and mean levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased as BMI increased at ages younger than 60 years. The prevalence of high blood cholesterol and mean levels of cholesterol were higher at BMI levels over 25 rather than below 25 but did not increase consistently with increasing BMI above 25. Rates of low HDL-C increased and mean levels of HDL-C decreased as levels of BMI increased. The associations of BMI with high blood pressure and abnormal lipids were statistically significant after controlling for age, race or ethnicity, education, and smoking; odds ratios were highest at ages 20 to 39 but most trends were apparent at older ages. Within BMI categories, hypertension was more prevalent and HDL-C levels were higher in black than white or Mexican American men and women. These data quantify the strong associations of BMI with hypertension and abnormal lipids. They are consistent with the national emphasis on prevention and control of overweight and obesity and indicate that blood pressure and cholesterol measurement and control are especially important for overweight and obese people.

Association between perfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and blood pressure in adolescents

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY MASS INDEX AND HYPERTENSION IN ELDERLY GREEKS: THE NEMEA PRIMARY CARE STUDY

To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI), age, sex, and blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, SBP; diastolic blood pressure, DBP) in children during COVID-19, providing reference for the prevention and screening of hypertension in children. This study adopted a large-scale cross-sectional design to investigate the association between BMI and blood pressure in 7-17-year-old students in City N, China, during COVID-19. Thirty-six primary and secondary schools in City N were sampled using a stratified cluster sampling method. A total of 11,433 students aged 7-17 years in City N, China, were selected for blood pressure (Diastolic blood pressure, DBP, Systolic blood pressure, SBP), height, and weight, Resting heart rate (RHR), chest circumference, measurements, and the study was written using the STROBE checklist. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0, calculating the mean and standard deviation of BMI and blood pressure for male and female students in different age groups. Regression analysis was employed to explore the impact of BMI, age, and sex on SBP and DBP, and predictive models were established. The model fit was evaluated using the model R2. The study included 11,287 primary and secondary school students, comprising 5,649 boys and 5,638 girls. It was found that with increasing age, BMI and blood pressure of boys and girls generally increased. There were significant differences in blood pressure levels between boys and girls in different age groups. In regression models, LC, Age, BMI, and chest circumference show significant positive linear relationships with SBP and DBP in adolescents, while RHR exhibits a negative linear relationship with SBP. These factors were individually incorporated into a stratified regression model, significantly enhancing the model's explanatory power. After including factors such as Age, Gender, and BMI, the adjusted R2 value showed a significant improvement, with Age and BMI identified as key predictive factors for SBP and DBP. The robustness and predictive accuracy of the model were further examined through K-fold cross-validation and independent sample validation methods. The validation results indicate that the model has a high accuracy and explanatory power in predicting blood pressure in children of different weight levels, especially among obese children, where the prediction accuracy is highest. During COVID-19, age, sex, and BMI significantly influence blood pressure in children aged 7-17 years, and predictive models for SBP and DBP were established. This model helps predict blood pressure in children and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Confirmation of factors such as sex, age, and BMI provide a basis for personalized health plans for children, especially during large-scale infectious diseases, providing guidance for addressing health challenges and promoting the health and well-being of children.

The Association Between Body Mass Index in Adolescence and Obesity in Adulthood

Interaction between body mass index and blood pressure on the risk of vascular stiffness : A community-based cross-sectional study and implications for nursing

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Objectives: To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) changes and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Based on the T2DM cohort in rural communities of Zhejiang province, baseline and follow up information of height, weight, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C of the T2DM patients were collected. After excluding those who died during the follow-up period, lost follow-up or had incomplete information, a total of 8 953 T2DM patients were included in the final analysis. Multiple linear regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for analysis. Results: At baseline survey, 40.97% of the T2DM patients were overweight and obese. Compared with those with normal BMI, the SBP, DBP and TG level were significantly higher, while HDL-C level was significantly lower in the overweight and obese T2DM patients (P<0.01). During the follow-up period, the blood glucose control rate in the patients increased by 15%, and the levels of HbA1c decreased in the patients with different BMI changes at different degrees. Compared with the patients who kept normal BMI, the HbA1c level decrease had a smaller range, while the SBP and DBP increase had a larger range in the patients with persistent overweight and obesity, and their substandard rates of HbA1c, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL-C levels were 1.142 (1.057-1.233) times, 1.123 (1.055-1.196) times, 1.220 (1.128-1.320) times, 1.400 (1.282-1.528) times and 1.164 (1.069-1.267) times higher. The changes of blood pressure, blood lipids and other related indicators in the patients whose BMI became abnormal were similar to those of the patients with persistent overweight and obesity; Compared with the patients whose BMI were kept normal, the differences in changes and substandard rate of blood glucose level, blood pressure level in the patients whose BMI became normal were not significant (P>0.05). The change value of BMI was positively correlated with the change value of SBP, DBP, TG and LDL-C, while negatively correlated with the change value of HDL-C (P<0.05). Conclusions: Abnormal changes in BMI are associated with the adverse changes of blood glucose level, blood pressure, and blood lipids level and other cardiovascular disease risk factors. Keeping normal BMI would benefit the positive outcome of cardiovascular adverse factors.

The prevalence of high blood pressure in adolescence is increasing with the number of adolescence at risk of overweight or overweight. Due to the known relationship between high blood pressure and increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, this is an obvious health concern for adolescent children. PURPOSE: To characterize the incidence of high normal blood pressure and hypertension in a large population of ninth grade, physical education students. METHODS: 884 ninth grade, physical education students (14 ± 1 yrs) participated. Blood pressure was initially recorded with an automated device (Omron, HEM-907XL). If the initial automated reading was above 120/80 mmHg, then a manual ausculatory re-measurement was taken. Blood pressure was classified as high normal blood pressure if the reading fell between the 90th and 95th percentile based on the CDC growth charts (National high blood pressure education program working group on high blood pressure in children and adolescents, 2001), while hypertension was defined as a reading above the 95th percentile. Frequency of high normal blood pressure and hypertension was calculated for two groups based on BMI: at risk for being overweight or overweight students and normal weight students. RESULTS: Overall, 8.5% of students were classified as having high normal blood pressure and 4.8% were considered hypertensive. The incidence was greater for high normal blood pressure for the at risk for being overweight or overweight group (11.9%) compared to the normal weight students (7.4%). Hypertension was present in 7.3% of the at risk for being overweight or overweight population and 3.9% of the normal weight population. The at risk for being overweight or overweight group and normal weight group had a mean systolic blood pressure of 117.5 ± 9 mmHg and 112.8 ±10 mmHg, respectively, and a mean diastolic blood pressure of 64.7 ± 7 mmHg and 61.2 ± 8 mmHg, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data indicates that a large percentage of the at risk for being overweight or overweight population (19.2%) has elevated blood pressure. At risk for being overweight or overweight students have a greater incidence of high normal blood pressure, and are twice as likely as normal weight students to have hypertension. The at risk for being overweight or overweight group also has a higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. This is alarming because elevated blood pressure is associated with an increased risk of CAD and stroke, and is in itself a progressive chronic disease.