Abstract
The aim of this article is to examine the progress achieved in the recent years on two advanced cathode materials for EV Li-ion batteries, namely Ni-rich layered oxides LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811). Both materials have the common layered (two-dimensional) crystal network isostructural with LiCoO2. The performance of these electrode materials are examined, the mitigation of their drawbacks (i.e., antisite defects, microcracks, surface side reactions) are discussed, together with the prospect on a next generation of Li-ion batteries with Co-free Ni-rich Li-ion batteries.
Highlights
Major challenges of the 21st century concern the global climate change and dwindling fossil energy reserves that motivate the scientific community to develop sustainable solutions based on renewable sources of energy, which require accumulators to store electricity, i.e., rechargeable batteries.Since their first commercialization in 1991 by Sony Corp., lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have penetrated the mass market as power sources
We have reviewed the efforts in research, and solutions that have been found to reduce the concentration of antisite defects, to mitigate the side reactions (Ni4+ oxidizing electrolyte, Co dissolution) and surface reconstructions, and to extend the voltage range up to 4.5V
Co is toxic and expensive, and because the conditions of extraction are repeatedly denounced by Amnesty International and the International NGOs [64]
Summary
Major challenges of the 21st century concern the global climate change and dwindling fossil energy reserves that motivate the scientific community to develop sustainable solutions based on renewable sources of energy, which require accumulators to store electricity, i.e., rechargeable (secondary) batteries. The larger Ni fraction, the higher energy density, since Ni is the redox-active element both in NCA and NCM This increase in Ni concentration, is accompanied with a decrease in structural and thermal stability due to the weaker Ni-O bonds, and a decrease in cycling ability. Surface modification of the Ni-rich materials is the standard process used to improve the structural stability and protect the cathode element against side reactions with the electrolyte Of the structural characteristics, we report some electrochemical properties to highlight the performance the‐art the methods atomic and surface coating to improve limited ability and of thesein electrodes, and of review thedoping state-of-the-art in the methods of atomicthe doping andcycle surface coating rate capability the NCA.
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