Abstract
Organophosphate is the commonly used pesticide to control pest outbreak, such as those by aphids in many crops. Despite its wide use, however, necrotic lesion and/or cell death following the application of organophosphate pesticides has been reported to occur in several species. To understand this phenomenon, called organophosphate pesticide sensitivity (OPS) in sorghum, we conducted QTL analysis in a recombinant inbred line derived from the Japanese cultivar NOG, which exhibits OPS. Mapping OPS in this population identified a prominent QTL on chromosome 5, which corresponded to Organophosphate-Sensitive Reaction (OSR) reported previously in other mapping populations. The OSR locus included a cluster of three genes potentially encoding nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR, NLR) proteins, among which NLR-C was considered to be responsible for OPS in a dominant fashion. NLR-C was functional in NOG, whereas the other resistant parent, BTx623, had a null mutation caused by the deletion of promoter sequences. Our finding of OSR as a dominant trait is important not only in understanding the diversified role of NB-LRR proteins in cereals but also in securing sorghum breeding free from OPS.
Highlights
Organophosphate is the commonly used pesticide to control pest outbreak, such as those by aphids in many crops
The majority of genetically characterized disease resistance traits map to R genes encoding nucleotide-binding domain (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins, and they act as receptors to perceive effectors derived from pathogens and to activate effector-trigger immunity (ETI), which includes cell death and reactive oxygen species p roduction[9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]
Molecular analysis of such organophosphate pesticide sensitivity (OPS) was first reported in tomato; plants harboring the Pto locus exhibited necrosis after being sprayed with fenthion, an organophosphate pesticide[25,26,27]. This OPS phenotype in tomato was shown to depend on the Fen gene, encoding a serinethreonine protein kinase belonging to the receptor-like kinases among the R genes[28]. Another nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) gene termed Prf embedded within the Pto/Fen gene cluster was shown to act in concert with Pto/Fen to activate multiple plant–pathogen signal transduction pathways[29,30,31]
Summary
Organophosphate is the commonly used pesticide to control pest outbreak, such as those by aphids in many crops. Cell death or leaf injury that resembles the hypersensitive reaction to pathogens, is rarely observed when crops are sprayed with a particular type of organophosphate p esticides[24] Molecular analysis of such organophosphate pesticide sensitivity (OPS) was first reported in tomato; plants harboring the Pto locus In order to control the aphid population effectively, we use organophosphate pesticides, some of which were shown to cause OPS and result in brown spotting lesion both in leaves and stems This OPS appeared to derive from one Japanese cultivar NOG, whose generic name is Takakibi (alternatively called ‘Morokoshi’ or ‘Koryan’, the latter is the Chinese sorghum named ‘Gaoliang’ in Japanese)
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